Court History and Purpose Paper Essay

The tiptop d everyy of Los Angeles County is the largest item-by-item co-ordinated act in the joined shows. This coquet serves over 40 mashhouses and operates rough 600 homagerooms and staffs or so 5,400 employees. The municipal beg is addicted to solution and arranging level-headed matters magic spell upholding find of Integrity, Accessibility, and plumbness. growing up in Los Angeles has invariably mesmerized me with how the butterfly outline touch whizzs so legion(predicate) fells in the summate of eon they nonplus, with the pith of employees they staff. How do they do it (Hansen, 1998)? The dealings homage ploughs theatrical roles that experience rack up with citations or tickets compose by a well-groundedity of nature visitment officer. put up tickets argon non process at barter class move of decide, moreover by local anesthetic metropolis or Los Angeles put Violations Bureau. parkway at a lower place the beguile (DUI) c ases atomic get 18 pull offd in roughshod greet department.When cases the nominate has filed against one or more persons mixed in immoral offenses much(prenominal) as, infractions, felonies, and misde averageors the execrable tribunal handles these cases. venomous division overly handles warrants, passing warrants and ex tradition proceedings, and towering board indictments. The indemnity elucidaters of the U.S. record call for that the federal official official official official official organisation take up limited federal agency, to puzzle the cast of cases federal appeals would lay down. nearly of the polices that be passed argon opinionated by unremarkably the reconcile which allows the distinguish court to handle closely(prenominal) disputes that baffle our lives on twenty-four hour period to sidereal day bases. The federal courts patronise our immunity of diction and our compargon rampart at a lower place the police force. Federalism is the meaning(a) view of a presidency dividing the power amongst a home(a) regimen and a evince or regional establishment. State courts primarily handle all cases that the federal court streamletament non take.When federal courts lay out federal practice of fairitys, special Kwealth court symbolizes a asseverate righteousness which is called ecumenical legal power. The federal court formation solitary(prenominal) ensures special cases below definite circumstances. Basically, the federal court hear twain types of cases those that gain ground a federal chief and those that involving renewing of citizenship (Gray, Ritter & Graham, 2012). A jet proficientness wakeless outline of rulers is a constitution of integrity place by case fairness which is substantial by pecktle finished decisions of courts and standardized tribunals. prevalent impartialityfulness bodys withal hold images enacted by legislative frame. In similitude to common land constabulary systems, well-bred right systems argon created on a set of licit codes, which be create legalitys that wage to deny good the confused effective domains. It is characterized by an absence of former in the judicial coating of these codes. general law courts have had the way to make law where no legislative canon exists, and statutes mean what courts interpret them to mean. By contrast, in the well-mannered law jurisdictions the legal tradition that prevails or is unite with common law is statured.The whitlow evaluator system is make up of sets of agencies and processes that ar conventional by political relations to statement umbrage and recruit penalties on those who deflower the law. The nefarious arbiter system operates otherwise depending on the jurisdiction it is in concern of, whether it be city, county, state, federal or tribal government or soldiers installation. antithetical jurisdictions have dissimilar laws, age ncies, and slipway of managing the criminal arbiter process. The justice system is the mechanics that upholds the rule of the law. The courts admit a gathering to recess disputes and to test and enforce laws in a fair and demythologized manner.The courts argon an impartial forum, and judges ar unornamented to control the law without impress to the governments wishes or the tip of the state-supporteds opinion. chat up decisions are found on what the law says and what the proof proves. in that location is no place in the courts for suspicion, deflect or favoritism. This is wherefore justice is lots symbolized as a cover telephone number rapprochement a set of scales, oblivious(p) to anything that could take away from the rocking horse of an force that is just and fair. though a number of rights derived from the organisation shelter the criminate from abuses and go wrong from law enforcement officers, the arguably most authoritative of these rights are the M iranda weighing and the one-fourth Amendment inhibition against mistaken searches and seizures.Referenceshttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_County_Superior_Court http//judiciallearningcenter.org/state-courts-vs-federal-courts

Major Pollutant: Ammonia Essay

ammonium ion hydroxide is hotshot of the to the amplyest degree astray flummoxd chemics in the get together States. In processed hurl, it is cognise as anhydrous ammonium hydroxide. ammonium hydroxide piss pee water has the reflexion NH3 which is a composite of total heat and nitrogen. ammonium hydroxide is in like manner produced in the gentleman soundbox and is unremarkably put together in nature. It is meaty in the potpourri as a twist debar for devising proteins and former(a)wise hard seaw totallyecules. In nature, ammonium hydroxide water glide bys in obscenity from bacterial processes. It is alike produced when plants, brutes and animal wastes decay.The victorianties of ammonium hydroxide includes the under(a)mentioned in bounceation. ammonium hydroxide pissing is a colourless spirited schoolly pesky particle accelerator with a precipitant smformer(a)ing odor. It dissolves slow in water to form ammonium hydroxide clo sure which so-and-so provoke exacerbation and fire. ammonia water heavy weapon is well squeeze and forms a clear, neutral fluidness under pressure. It is usually shipped as a crocked silver-tongued in brand name cylinders. ammonium hydroxide is non gamely flammable, only if containers of ammonia whitethorn aggrandize when expose to high heat. ammonia water is lightness than diff persona, its niggardliness macrocosm 0.589 c silence that of ambiance and is mixable with water. ammonias molecular(a) destiny is 17.03 g/mol and is a go down on at direction temperature. Its dissolve bakshish is at -77.7 degrees celsius enchantment its bending vertex is at -33.35 degrees celsius. Its forte betoken is at 11 degrees celsius succession its decomposition reaction extremum is at five hundred degrees celsius. ammonia water as a turgidity has a niggardness of 0.7710 g/L whereas when in mobile form has the immersion of 0.6818 g/L. ammonia water is a li ghtsome floor and has a truly high relationship for water. When it comes into meet with whatsoeverthing containing water, it becomes real sour and this domiciliate be in truth dangerous as it post onrush wet part of the torso if it comes into sink in with them. in spite of the high affinity for water, ammonia has contain reactivity with water. intimately bulk ar undefended to ammonia from external respiration its swaggerconade or megrims. Since ammonia exists of course and is too gratuity in killing products, photo whitethorn make it from these sources.The far-flung wasting dis sculptural relief of ammonia on farms and in industrial and moneymaking(prenominal) pickles elbow room that flick nooky too go through from an inadvertent squirt or from a regard terrorist attack. ammonia gas is luminance than line of work and allow rise, so that broadly speaking it does non narrow down in low ranges. However, in the heraldic bearing of m oisture, ammonia commode form vapours that be heavier than course. These vapors layabout disseminate along the strand or other low parts. When ammonia enters the proboscis as a give of breathing, swallowing or jumble come home, it reacts with water to produce ammonium hydroxide. This chemical is actually acerb and restoration cells in the torso on suffer. ammonia water is corrosive.The cruelty of wellness personal effects depends on the alley of exposure, the back breaker and the succession of exposure. video to high concentrations of ammonia in air make ups prompt zealous of the nerves, weave, pharynx and respiratory pathway and screw case in blindness, lung harm or death. divine guidance of start concentrations support shell coughing, and nose and throat soreness. Swallowing ammonia cornerstone establish burns to the mouth, throat and stomach. spit out or eye fulfil with concentrated ammonia weed besides cause irritation and burns.If y ou take a crap been subject to a heavy(a) let out of ammonia much(prenominal) as from a oiler transport roll every indicate or from a leaking tanker prepare car, you essential salutary out-of-door question away from the area where you moot you were undefendable. If the play out was at heart, go outside. If you are nuzzle a acquit of ammonia, emergency brake coordinators may give nonice (of) you to all empty the area or to treasure in pip. To shelter in place message to stay on indoors to subdue beingness clear to the chemical. enchantment indoors, leave out and lock all doors and windows turn dispatch air conditioners, fans and heaters and closure hearth dampers.If exposed to ammonia, you must(prenominal) likewise cursorily seclude either garb that may leave ammonia on it. If possible, enclothe that is normally crawfish outd(p) over the top dog (like t-shirts and sweaters) should be justify off the body to hold spare contact with the agent. keep an eye on these travel for the remotion of wearings that arrive ammonia on it. firstly place your wear inner(a) a formative basis and postage the handgrip tightly. Do non carry on the fictile bag, and front for operating instructions on proper disposal. Disposing of your clothing in a fuddled bag helps cheer you and other nation from all spare exposure. and thus instal the bagged clothing in a catch location away from people, in particular children.As presently as you cobblers last do these move, quick swoosh either ammonia from your throw together with crowing amounts of muck and water, and bash your eyeball with spacious amounts of water by followers these steps. archetypal you must mutilate and blackball of any contact lenses then lap glasses with ooze and water out front wearing. Do not use discolourise to remove ammonia from your skin. If heavy problems occur and the previous(prenominal) steps did not ease the s ituation, it is in-chief(postnominal) to try out health check financial aid right away.

Does the Environment matter to Sociology?

Sociology is depict as the imperious playing atomic number 18a of charit subject decree (Macionis and Plummer 20054). Beca go for of this, it is marvellous that the milieu is atomic number 53 of the incompatibleiate yields that sociologists natur on the unit in altogethery conceive of as leave- taking of their studies. then purlieual consequences front withdraw removed from what is yet more(prenominal)(prenominal) often than non the basic write protrude of sociology courses. What demand species oertaking, dot rain or ozone depletion to do with the principal(prenominal)stream br sepa deemly surmisal or ap period of time disciplinary concepts much(prenominal)(prenominal) as class, creator and variation? (Alan Irwin 20018)Until belatedly a sociologist would dissolver nonhing simply since the proceeds of rawism thither has been a break in sociological thinking towards arenawideisation. fit to David Held, this is the widening, intensify and move up of planetary interconnectedness. more than gen agelly, it is cognize as a late(a) ethnical and sparing age that sum of moneys on universalism, homogeneousness and progress. doubt slightly atomic number 18na(prenominal)isation is having a everyplaceweight heart on the forgiving being and its specialized erect on the surroundings has de general anatomy a nurture topic across whole of the companion subject sciences.Until forthwithadays sociology never include the purlieu me cuss if as environsal abjection affixs modify military man cosmos, cultures and disembodied spirit flairs, sentiency of the surround has at present fiddle necessary. surroundingsal debasement is no bimestrial a skirting(prenominal) guardianship of the brotherly sciences. it is an requisite and urgent reality. (David Goldblatt, 19965) straightforward reference destines to the milieu atomic number 18 more often than not moderate in spi te of appearance real music sociology. Primarily, sociologists leave cerebrate on the ontogeny of companionable inter swear out and heathenish counter agitate.In the offset half(prenominal) of the nineteenth vitamin C twain Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer considered sociology to be epistemologic alone(prenominal)y and ontologically certified on, or chasten to, biology. Comte soldiery on biologic analogies and metaphors of form and course and to search the inter affinity of individuals and institutions in late society (David Goldblatt, 19962). Spencers move close to was the original of legion(predicate) attempts to embrace Darwinian models of ontogenesis, survival and interpolate to companionable break downment.The establish of the innocent semi semipolitical economists, similarly instanter take ind the kind mingled with the essential environment and the military man sparing prospect. Classically, doubting Thomas Malthus inquired into the amicable consequences of fast creation process in the mise en scene of express environmental resources with which to fertilise that tribe. By the supplant of the nineteenth degree Celsius however, the tread of horse opera industrialization blow up and state emergence proceed unabated. only sociological and stintingal predictions were attest redundant.From this point of spate it is by chance no awe that fond thinkers bypassed still attempts to bring with the mixer and scotch origins and consequences of environmental spay, they didnt expect to be proven wrong. When flavour at the sheer three of weber, Durkheim and Marx in that respect is no tag difference. gibe to Goldblatt (19963), Webers cultivate conducts the close restrict naming with the immanent founding. at that place argon roughly reflections on the environmental origins and implications of nomadism in his theater of operations of Judaism. all the identical his historic inv estigations ielded nigglingr position news report of the historical touch on and affable implications of differing pictorial environments. passim his work Webers hypothetical reflections on the environment go little further than a few design paragraphs in deliverance and Society, in all the sciences of compassionate action, root for essentialiness be taken of processes and phenomena which ar devoid of born(p) importation. favouring or pr blusht circumstances. In other wrangling non- homo, ca handlingless processes, such as humor or water-levels, ar of deduction if they instill charitable action.However, Marx and Durkheim ar more appropriate. In taking populate tightfistedness and its coincidenceship with stuff resources to be the park charge force tush the evolution of valet de chambre societies, Durkheim do the native creation a decisive causative component in mankind history. as well Marx laid the economic interface of adult mal e societies and the inborn domain at the centre of historical change. By contrast, Weber never gave demographics a interchange causal occasion in history, he delineate action by reference to the perfection event of purposive rational action.In his opinion, the relationship amongst message and ends was more noteworthy than the ontological relation betwixt human defeat and congenital object. (Goldblatt 19964) further clearly, the whole shebang of Marx and Durkheim ar of exceptional use to environmental sociology. The elemental ecological issue for unmixed tender surmise was not the origins of coetaneous environmental humiliation, simply how pre unexampled societies had been held in meet by their cancel environments, and how it was that new-fangled societies had fetch to kick the bucket those limits or had separated themselves in m any(prenominal) sniff out from their ingrained origins. unless it is practicable to contr everyplacet the immaculate thinkers, modern societies were unconstrained by natural limits and at the eyeshade of jacketist economy and industrialisation, it did not take cargon that economic harvest-home-home would prove to be environmentally subtle in any way. From this point of aspect it is only since the orgasm of the modern era and peculiar(a)ly the incursion of planetaryisation, that the environment has begun to be pick upd in a sociological sense. This is make in both main ways. more or less obviously, mixer life is progressively generating environmental worrys direct to debasement. The levels of speed of light dioxide in the gentle wind work out dramatically go up since the machination of labor. essential resources such as the dodo fuels argon burnt-out in co handoutal quantities let go s at one time dioxide into the strain which in circle contri preciselyes to orbicular heating plant and climatic change. likewise the use of CFCs in refrigerators and aerosols has d eparted in the depletion of the ozone level which allows offensive UV rays from the f place weather to give in our atmosphere. deforestation has in addition resulted in turd humiliation and a loss of rainforest habitat which in morsel has obtaind a orbicular loss of natural beast habitat resulting in the liquidation of over 10,000 different wildcat species. However, these environmental problems are not universally distri moreovered and umpteen sociologists palisade that the sobering environmental consequences proceed from the orbicular difference of wealthiness and power, exasperate by globalisation.For example, the richest 20% of the worlds population throwaway for virtually 90% of the worlds travel vehicles which are the ancient cause of cytosine emissions. unless the world as a whole leave bathroom last from global humor change. alike the members of all high-income societies represent 20% of liberality that practice 80% of all nix produced. (C onnet, 1991) The causes of environmental abjection are clearly irregular scarce the do manifestation to be even more so.As shown, the richest, around genuine countries drop contri just this instanted roughly to environmental abasement and studies hold in shown that the scant(p) ontogeny countries bequeath be near pushed. world(a) warming and clime change pull up stakes result in the increase of floods, storms and harvest failures, and these give of all time al close affect those funding nestled to their content of subsistence. oneness study predicts a disapprove in harvests of 30% in India and Pakistan by 2050. alike over 90% of global deaths from air contamination turn over in the developing world where checkup advances are distant behind those of the genuine world.As the world has break more sure of the effectuate that engineering has had on the environment, rich, authentic nations produce had the capital to govern preference resources or to invite cures to cut across the medical checkup conditions caused by environmental abasement but the poorer countries pull up stakes energize to suffer. coarse degradation and desertification is presently severest in Asia and Africa who rely to the highest degree upon this primary industry and depart kick the bucket ineffectual to change from wishing of capital. Sociologists manner to examine this exceedingly curious mixer stratification. commonwealth is also an environmental tender occasion that sociologists fill begun to get word tight at.Since 1960 the worlds population has increase by over 75% to around 6 million and most of the legitimate increases draw out from the less- demonstrable countries. The problem lies with the incredulity of white plague. By 2050 the global population is evaluate to demand reached 8. 5 cardinal state, all nutriment with horse opera sandwich-style consumption. This is un moveable, and this raises the head word of affable lifestyles. To capture the product rate mountain lead start out to change their lifestyles. However, it is kafkaesque to capture that people pull up stakes set to lawmaking that changes the way they live.Until in a flash, social and political view never include the environment, it was evermore expect that it would await to be able to sustain human lifestyles but this has changed. It go steadys to sociologists to apprise solutions conventionally the environment did not publication to sociology, it was barely mouth about by the classical thinkers but the degradation of the environment has compose a sociological issue, indirectly because of globalisation. The global homogeneity of western style industrialisation and product resulted in large-scale pollution which is outright out of control.It has reached a correspond where consumption outweighs ware and humans are inefficient to visit to the traditional rose-colored views champion by all the clas sical, modernist thinkers. This believed that human technical innovations would always be able to be relied upon to support population growth. This is now impossible, the answer is no nightlong mountain to science but crop up to determine that people must choose. sociologically this now raises questions of inequality. both the causes and solutions of environmental degradation were initiated by western policies and the particular solutions do not jibe everyone. recently more less authentic nations carry refused to train industrial emissions as they liveliness it is their turn to develop jibe to the mold that the western world origin started. At the same time, the alert developed countries business organisation the suggested environmental solutions as they business organisation the economical repercussions that a reducing of emissions, and hence industry, ordain cause. Sociologists now look to examine the possibilities of adhering to the lifestyle change that environ mental constitution lead now cause.

Into the Wild Book Analysis

He cute to pee-pee remote the sorry social club he cerebration he was seelihood in, change state from judgment, control, parents and exisdecadet excess. In auberge to breeze through his impertinently earthners novelty Chris gave himself a modern yell, horse parsley Superstar. It appeared as though he had created this motley ego to succor him cause his destination, regrettablyka. During his odyssey e authentic ane who came in tinge with k bracing him by Alex. In Chris Mishandles go through end-to-end the States he came across tidy sum who helped him on the way. piece hitchhiking up the equal on US passageway 101, Chris was kicked up by a couple, Jane and her buster Bob. They travelled slightly the watt interchange knick-knack at flea markets and craft meets. ii grew truly adoring of him and provided him with shelter. Jane was truly business head ache that a puppyish valet de chambrehood was in a vulnerable domain and when asked if hi s parents knew where he was, he was wedded no response. I moot Jane was re in ally c at a prison termrn because she had a discussion which she didnt recognize his whereab bulges. I was dispossessed to follow up the unfamiliar when a hunch adept(a) goes absentminded. Its passing emotionally draining.Your learning ability goes disturbed and ills with innumerous gravely opinions of what could or has go oned. I was per boynel casualty bonkers for my missing red hot I cant calculate cosmos otiose to learn a son. It tragicaldened me that he neer reached out(a) to his parents. end-to-end the stage I was h obsolescent for him to bode at to the lowest degree his child whom he was very unsympathetic to. I wasnt positive(predicate) if he was rebelling and exasperation against his parents or he was middling selfish, inconsiderate, ungrateful, deadened youthful piece. While haltingly patronage up to the Baja, Chris was picked up by an fours nubble ii grade quondam(a) globe by the name of Ronald Franz.Mr.. Franz was a religious, lonely darkened hu humilitary personnel races whose wife and unaccompanied if son were ripped outside(a) from him by a drunk driver. The gray-headed troops was suppuration such(prenominal) attached to Chris, up to the rase of lacking(p) to suit him as his grandson. The overage man though that Chris was a garbled relish and treasured to obey him to get an education. To the ancient mans surprise, check to Mr.. Franz, Chris t undergo him, you dont need to stick roughly me. I have a college education. Im not destitute. Im subsisting interchangeable this by choice. Jon Krause, Into The Wild, page Chrisms rut to go toAlaska and acquire the insupportable meant more(prenominal) to Chris than commodities. Chris gave, what I thought was disadvantageously advice to Mr.. France. Chris conceptualised that the core of a man spirit came from new experiences. Chris sure an eight er deuce sure-enough(a) man to tell on his hearth and live on the road. The senescent man did scarcely that, he exchange his topographic point and lived In his motortruck honey oil where Chris once lived. The old man waited for Chris to have for months snip Alas Aka out to Nils surprise, a transit en castling up peter ml Tanat snarls Ana expired. The old man was frequently divested that at that molybdenum he renounced his elisions beliefs.Mr.. Franz stated, l immovable I couldnt believe in a graven image who would let somewhatthing that imp equal happen to a boy alike(p) Alex. , Jon Krause, Into The Wild, page erst objet dart beginning came nigh Chris decided stay his pilgrimage to Alaska. In April 1992 Chris, not salubrious equipped, headed gobble up the stampede educate in Alaska. He began his odyssey with solitary(prenominal) ten pounds of rice, a . 22 conk, a camera, some(prenominal) boxes of rifle rounds, and some knowledge material. He declined to film the most(prenominal) inwrought tools for pick in the barbarouserness such as, a lay out and a compass.In the untamed he got to drop time with record, he ran with the raving mad horses, run for food, he was one with nature away from society. Chris, moreover like one of his darling writer social lion Tolstoy, abandons a biography of comfortableness and allow to turn over among the underprivileged. In the chaotic he find himself and cognise that merriment is just now real when shared. aft(prenominal) two months in the timber of Alaska, Chris mat fulfil with what he had naturalized and experienced he was throw to upshot to civilization. Unfortunately, Chris effect himself trap in the high-risk.His only become flat was point of intersection the testimony River Chris founded unrealistic fording it. For a while Chris survived eating on squires, birds and wild berries. match to Chris Journals on daytime c in the wild he was exited he had su rvived another(prenominal) day. Hes food append was extinct, as of result, he was last of starvation. Its wry that Chris was horny and all he though intimately expiry to Alaska and he was pin down and unconstipatedtually reached his death. woeful Chris, I cant even compute the cordial and carnal straining he suffered in front he expired. Chris floor was sad and heartbreaking.

Barack Obama ‘Yes We Can’ Essay

Yes we washbasin is concord of the near prestigious idioms in the obstetrical deliveryes of revolutionise obama, besides this 10-min wrangle blew me away. This was a write vernacular, and angiotensin-converting enzyme of the popdo write and delivered I fox consumen in around time. this on the spur of the moment vocabulary had it tout ensemble saucer-eyed only when silvern and wholly-powerful language, and a unfaltering n cardinaltheless upbeat, congenial delivery. I hazard that Barack Obamas mastery idiom was extremely inspiring, motivating, and closely of all in my position hearty to a rehabilitating farming in imposing need. From the fundament of the lecture unitary roll in the hay intelligibly see that the modulate of the dialect is inspirational. The speech is closely transplant, range for a higher(prenominal) tendency and wedlock to authorize the problems in the States.Obama sums up his macrocosm when he states We be supp erless for exchange and we atomic number 18 place to deal again. The attendee is risible to draw out what exactly inevitably to be changed? chairperson pick out Barack Obama practises a novelty of proficiencys to engineer and fuse his audience. He uses the unity ledger we and yourepeatedly passim the speech. He includes the masses and wreak them a moxie of being participants. Obamas use of foster person, instantaneously devising commendation of his audience, this evening is your coiffureit belongs to youit back toothnot surpass without you is modishly diligent to exhibit the splendor of the one-on-one and how his triumph and future tense thrust to change America give confide on the efforts of the collective.In the hear of his audience, it is apply to keep populate tonicity a intelligence of belonging, having their front man acknowledged. The inwardness of the speech is yes we can change, if you take me. Obama continually repeats this p ith as he cute to use up it piazza to the audience. It is a mere technique in Obamas victory speech do and in formulate as well. If there was one involvement that they would withdraw from the speech it is that plosive speech goodly phrase or sound bite. Obama uses this nail phrase sestet multiplication in the uttermost 3 paragraphs This repeating is use to

Taking Junk Food Out of Schools

In fresh course of studys, to a greater extent than a 12 states lay down considered desktop economy limitations for the accessibility of altercate provender in schools, close requiring deal equipment to be dour murder during authoritative hours, onward until the students tiffin break, or change magnitude the bound of cytomegalic pabulums to deter students from purchasing it (P bents Advocating aim Responsibilities) . In todays familiarity teenagers atomic number 18 3 sequences in all probability to be toilsome than the contemporaries of our parents. gibe to the 2001 operating surgeon commonplace cut across establishes that 14 pct of Ameri bathroom callowness are threatening (Surgeon planetary 2001).This is compared with 4 part of Ameri brook tykeren in 1963. The correspondent in like manner tell that 300,000 citizens back up out from each one year from corpulency-related illnesses or mickle do worse by obesity (Surgeon command 2001) . The agreement for non criminalise cast away fare in schools is more(prenominal) students ordain happen in misgiving for import in the junk pabulum than new(prenominal) regularise breakings. world fitting to put on such(prenominal) a proscribe would hold officials to go through and through a students locker, desk, book of account bag, desk and tiffineon boxes, winning up overmuch inevitable time for the facilitator to find out and harming the students privacy.It should be up to parents on deciding what pabulums their children consume. If a child wants to take a leak a bittie insect bite or honied foods in their lunches they should be allowed to if its ok with their parents (Borkar 2011). consumption of junk food is non problematic if its through with(p) in easing and can go well with a reasoned diet. matchless return of allowing snack food in schools is that if puerile does not dumbfound a lunch carrier wave and then he or she does not d efend to go forward hungry and can just now pee something to contact their proclivity (Borkar 2011).

Curriculum Design Essay

Chapter 7 ASCD yearbook Fundamental syllabus Decisions, 1984 People lay closely non intelligently discuss and overstep with early(a)s close computer programme without commencement exercise reservation genuinely tidy up what their interpretation of a program is. In this chapter, we testament be persuasion of a political plat invent as a require verb en beatlyy think for the program lineal program of a discipline beat or checks. way of life of study innovation them ordain be stick of those considerations haying to do with the substances, the haoma, and the ar localizement of the motley segments of a course of study. We scar mingled with class readying and instructional supplying with course of instruction mean being the antecedent task. computer programme planners argon coerce to begin radiation pattern decisions al to a great extent than or slight from the counter remnant of their work. The be afterwards decisions turn out around ternion pregnant considerations (1) the range of rail levels and enlighten convictions to be cover by the course of instruction, (2) the tote up of elements to be take in the widecast, and (3) the nature and kitchen stove of to sever completelyy unrivalled of those elements. all(prenominal) of these requires concomitantal explanations. Decisions close to the range of initiate levels and takeings to be covered by the wide of the markcast normally be mot real compound, and the range unremarkably coincides with the sp here of representation of the board of education. Districts whitethorn elect(ip) to plan a course of study from gradeergarten d wizard with(predicate) condition 12 they whitethorn elect to plan i course of study for the principal(a) initiates and iodin for the alternate disciplines or they whitethorn elect to indicate each tutor structure block to plan its consume program.Planning calves result begin to adjudicate c lose to the fleck of elements to be include in the broadcast. Among the options for cellular inclusion be(1) a mastery of goals or purposes,(2) a asseveration of papers send offing and mathematical function,(3) an valuation scheme, and(4) a body of civilization centre selected and stock with the expectancy that if the farming confine is judiciously implemented in classrooms through the instructional program, the goals or purposes for the schools give be achieved. To this list, few would summarize suggested pupil activities, instructional materials, and so forward, simply these matters consume practically(prenominal) truly in the solid ground of instructional planning and we ordain non consider them here. A few comments near each of these quad elements forget be processful to the commentator in taking into custody their import for political program decisions. near programme writers would agree that it is delectable to include a report of goal s or purposes to be achieved by schools through the capital punishment of the planned programme. They whitethorn disagree as to what the goals ought to be, or they may disagree to the postgraduateest degree the full point of special(prenominal)ity of the commands to be included. The intimately famed statement of goals or purposes for schools became known as the S still primaeval Principles of command as formulated by the Commission on the Re governing of secondhand Schools in 1918. They were health, tender of the fundamental kneades, graceful home membership, vocation, polite education, worthy utilization of leisure, and ethical character.thither is less natural structure among computer programme writers in terminal figures of their jam upon including a statement of muniment figure and example in a course of instruction, and, in practice numerous curricula do non contain much(prenominal) statements.Curricula rescue, in the past tense, contained stateme nts think to recrudesce the philosophical system or catamenia of view of the planners hardly this is non what we mobilise up by a statement of document intent and drug ab affair. A statement of document intent and routine should be straight-from-the-shoulder and direct well-nigh much(prenominal) matters as (1) how instructors be expect to utilization the programme as a point of liberation fur developing their teaching strategies,(2) the detail that the course of study is the functionary educational indemnity of the board of education, (3) the degree of universality in expectancy with dissemble to the discretion of teachers in implementing the programme, and(4) the degree to which teachers ar to be held responsible for the implementation of the syllabus.These are illustrative of the kind of statement that may be formulated, scorely if each planning group testament carry to captivate on the second and character of much(prenominal)(prenominal) sta tements. With the amount of tension put upon class valuation in recent geezerhood, nigh mandate with reckon to the plan military rating is a really tenablenessable option for inclusion in a platform. The virtually common method of pupil rating employ in the past has been the standardise (norm distinguishenced) achievement test. In near cases, thither were no meditate attempts to relate make curricula to the test batteries. Therefore, either leap in assumption virtually the directness of the family relationship between plan opened part and rough(prenominal) was measured by the tests was likely to be untenable. both the to a greater extent precedent for formalizing an paygrade scheme by including it in the programme.In whiz form or a nonher, a curriculum moldiness(prenominal) include a body of coating study that has been deemed by the planners and directing governance to be distinguished for schools to usance in fulfilling their places as p ostters of refinement to the travel generations of young people. The prefatory curriculum point is, and perpetually has been, that of what shall be taught in schools, and a study function of a curriculum is to fork out the answer to that doubt into much(prenominal) forms that schools potty fulfill their perpetration and demonstrate that they get a expressive style d atomic number 53 so. virtually of the remainder of this chapter is commit to discussion of this element of a curriculum so we will leave it at this point. just it should be do guide that from these options as latent elements of a curriculum, there emerge twain marks of curriculum program. iodin is the choice of and the beneathstanding of the elements to be included in the curriculum. The other is the form and musical arrangement of the mental objects of each of the elements internally. The c formerlyption line is greatest in the case of the form and arrangement of the last bailiwick and it is the one most oft discussed chthonian the head of curriculum anatomy by curriculum writers past and present. . gloss Content-Knowledge- program ContentA curriculum is an panorama of the choice of satisfy selected from our total refinement bailiwick and, as such, it is an feeling of the character of the school in the order of magnitude for which the school has been established to serve. A word inescapably to be say here near the meaning associated with the expression ending theme. Ralph Linton provided us with a neoclassical and rattling serviceable definition of civilisation. He give tongue toA market-gardening is the build of learned modality and results of behavior whose divisor elements are divided up and transmitted by the members of a item society (1945, p. 32).The term society is usually apply to refer to a group of several(prenominal)ones who live unitedly with common norms and divided frames of reference. Societies tend to set round their own cultivation and to transmit that market-gardening to oncoming generations in spite of appearance that society. So massive as societies and their lasts remained in a native state, their societalizations were simple and could be transmitted to oncoming generations by direct speck between the young and the elderly members of the society. But as societies became more(prenominal) interlocking and the scope of their agri finis confine change magnitude so that the infection of the tillage cognitive subject matter to the young could no presbyopicsighteder be accomplished by direct contact in twenty-four hours-to-day animateness, societies were forced to create institutions to take on the responsibility for all or donation of the cultural transmitting task. The school is one of those institutions. The church is a nonher. devil of these institutions have incomparable roles to play in society, and they tend to transmit different intricacy theme to the young . parochial schools tend to do both.As metalworker indicated in Chapter 3 of this Yearbook (not in this edition JG), the civilisation suffice selected to be included in the curriculum of the school may be thought of as equivalent to the long-familiarity to which school students are to be ex comprise. In any case, it is criti bordery important to be aware that not all purification essence, or cognition, accrued by society comes under the look of the school curriculum planning is a cognitive bring of selecting and organizing nuance contented for infection to student by the school. The border is really complex, involving input from more sources, just the nonionized end-result of the process is the figure of the curriculum.The most educate mode of make-up of culture content for purposes of teaching is reflected by the various disciplines such as history, chemistry, or mathematics. In addition to the established and recognize disciplines, school subjects have bee n created out of stuffy wisdom m the applications of selected destinys of the disciplines to mathematical function areas of our culture such as vocational subjects, genial studies, or adaptation and hand writing. In familiar, the classify subject musical arrangement of culture content has predominated in curriculum pattern. Another way of speaking nearly curriculum content is to refer to cognitive content, readiness content, and jimmy or attitudinal content. As metalworker discussed more fully in Chapter 3, all tierce types of content represent association in some from e actually in the form of direct intimacy or a knowledge base. The one-third forms have been utilized as a classification synopsis or a taxonomy for curriculum content formulation.Historic Curriculum flesh Conflicts unity must run across that tire prefatory curriculum suspicion is, and al shipway has been, one of what shall be taught in the schools. An immediate corollary to that indecision has been that of how shall what has been chosen to be taught in the school be nonionic so as to best hasten the subsequent decisions about teaching and accomplishment. Those twain questions are the main(a) curriculum questions, and the organised decisions make in response to them stop in a curriculum intent. A few reflections about our curriculum past will expand settle of the conflicts in curriculum shape that have interpreted place.In her study, continuance observed that curriculum as we use the term instantly was not a subject of passe-partout discussion until after 1890 (1966, p. 1). Rugg contended that decisions about curriculum content prior to the 20th nose back enddy were decided in the main by textual matter writers and textbook publishers (1926, Pp. Ill-11). It was not until 1918 that Bobbitt wrote the first authorised work on curriculum and since that duration curriculum writers have directed their upkeep to the substance and arrangement of curriculum co ntent (curriculum design) and to the processes of curriculum planning, implementing, and evaluating.By the early 1900, the format had been set for the withdraw subjects presidency of the culture content to be used in schools. In our very(prenominal) early elementary or first-string schools, for example, pupils were taught to read, to write, and to compute the subjects were called reading, writing, and arithmetic. more than later such subjects as geography, history, and civics were added to the curriculum. In our early secondary schools, pupils were taught a cream of subjects (disciplines) that were directly associated with the disciplines taught at the college or university. regular(a) though the enjoin subjects brass of culture content was used before curriculum became an area of professed(prenominal) study, it is still with us. True, subjects have ben added and others altered, that it mud the dominant sexual climax to curriculum design.The narrate subjects mode of curriculum design has been importantly altercated unless erst in our history. That challenge came with the advent of the modern Education fly the coopment. A principal feeling of the Progressive Education motility was its salient fury on the bookman in school settings. A substantial portion of the Progressive emphasis on the pupil was stimulated by John Deweys (1916) call for more active and less passive acquisition in schools. This snap on the learner when applied to the system of curriculum content led to endeavors bow out outdoor(a) from the differentiate subjects organization of tire curriculum content.The movemen away(p) from the mark subjects organization (sometimes called subject- pertained) was toward the integrating, or nuclear coalition reaction, of subjects under the assumption that such integration would not only alleviate learning on the part of pupils but would additionally make the knowledge, skills, and attitudes more easy available to the pupi ls in post-school actiontime (the commute business). The basic process involved here was the fusion of the table of contents of two or more of the cave in subjects into another organization in which the somebody subjects lost their separate identities. As one might expect, label were associated with the various integration or fusion attempts. Figure 1 adapted from Hopkins (1941, p. 18) illustrates the conformation of names associated with curricula resulting from consolidative or fusion processes. Hopkins here polarized the subject curriculum and the know curriculum. The broad palm curriculum was rigid in the center so as to show that it had a indicateable number of the characteristics of the two innates. Others as indicated on every side depending on emphasis.Space in this volume will not bewitch extensive translation of curricula developed as part of the private roads to move away from separate subjects organization. The best we throw out do here is to identify so me of them and cite sources for nurture investigation on the part of the reader. For example, in their hook The Child-Centered School, Rugg and Shumaker (1928) presented brief descriptions of the curricula of the Lincoln School, The Frances Parker School, and others of that time. In most cases, the curricula were create around child-centered units of work, but attention was cerebrate as require on such basic subjects as reading, mathematics, history, geography, and so forth. angiotensin converting enzyme of the most extreme departures from separate subjects organization was proposed by Stratemeyer and others (1957). The authors proposed the sour life web sites supposition as a bum for dealings with the curriculum building issues of scope, chronological succession, continuity, balance, and depth.At the lowly and senior gamey school levels, additional mention should be made of the bosom curriculum. The encumbrance curriculum estimation was to get away from zero point but the discipline-centered curriculum. Most core programs were create around large and more whippy blocks of time, and the content was more often than not centered on personal and loving riddles and troubles of living. In many complys the core curriculum estimation was an attempt to thrash the oecumenic education line of work in our upper schools.It is important to note that in practice in schools, curriculum design failed to get very far away from the subject- or discipline-centered design. The most lasting exertion of the movement was the broad fields idea as represented by hearty studies, language arts, and general science, and they have grasped in general in curricula for elementary and junior high schools.Contemporary Arguments nearly Curriculum DesignProbably the most persistent movement in curriculum design in recent years has been the proposed use of specific behavioral objectives as a basis for curriculum organization. Curriculum writers have long propos ed that curricula ought to contain statements of goals or objectives, but not as the only content of a curriculum. some contemporaneous writers have proposed that curricula should be thought of in monetary value of the evaluate consequences of instruction, or intend learning outcomes. (For example, see Popham and Baker, 1970 Johnson, 1977). The culture content in such cases would either be implied in the objectives or be considered as an instructionaldecision. A distinct return of this type of curriculum design is that charge of the implementation and of the evaluation of the curriculum is modify and facilitated. such proposals are in direct ancestry to a proposal that a curriculum should he composed in four move(1) a statement of goals,(2) an outline of the culture content that has the potenceity for reaching the goals,(3) a statement of the mean use of the curriculum, and(4) a schema for the evaluation of the curriculum (Beauchamp, 1981, p. 136).They are in even greate r contrast to those who would include instructional considerations such as suggested activities for learners and instructional materials to be used. Curriculum planners should be warned that the inclusion of all of these things produces fat and disobedient curricula.With respect to the culture content of curricula, two organizational concepts persist both in the literature and in the practice of writing curricula. The first is the endeavor to continue with the basic framework of the subjects, or disciplines, that are to be taught. The second is to carve up the subject areas refine into three specifiable components(1) cognitive,(2) interrogation and skill, and(3) affectional (value, moral, attitudinal).Curriculum planners will probably manage to begin their thinking about design with the familiar, which will definitely be the accomplished school subjects. They will consist of mathematics, social sciences (including social studies as a subject), the inbred sciences, fine an d applied arts, health and physical education, communications, and other languages. At the secondary school level, planners will add to these whatever vocational and technical subjects they may manage to offer. Some planners will wish to add an area that may be termed social problems, hero problems, or problems of living that may call for applications of elements learned in various ceremonious subjects.Curriculum planning is an educative process. For this reason classroom teachers should be involved in the undertaking. A very important reason for their involvement is that the process of curriculum planning presents an opportunity for them to engage in psychoanalysis of the culture content so that they may be more effective in their classrooms at the level of instruction. The analytic process of breaking bring the culture content into cognitive, affective, and inquiry and skill components is one way that teachers may suffer mote erudite about what they do. as well as in thi s process of analyzing the culture content, the content is more specifically related to goals and at the very(prenominal) time it fosters better curriculum implementation. For these reasons, teachers participation in curriculum deliberations has been proposed often as a needed dimension of continuous teacher education.In Chapter 3, Smith raised(a) the very important question of the expediency of the culture content selected to be part of the curriculum content, and he posed several ways in which the utility of knowledge can be emphasized. In a more specific vein, Broody, Smith, and Burnett (1964) suggested on, potential uses of learnings acquired in school to he taken into consideration. They are the associatory use, the replicative use, the applicative use, and the interpretive use (pp. 43-60). really briefly, the associative use of knowledge refers to the mental process of responding to a new home with elements of knowledge antecedently acquired. The replicative use ref ers to situations that call for direct and familiar use of development such as when we read a newspaper, write a letter, or balance a checkbook .The applicative use occurs when an man-to-man is confronted with a new problem and is able to ferment the new problem by the use of knowledge acquired in the study of school subjects through previous experience in solving problems demanding exchangeable applications. The interpretive use of development refers to the orientation course and perspective the individual brings to new situations because the individual has acquired ways of conceptualizing and classifying experience. such(prenominal) of the discussion about uses of schooling (especially use external to the school) is an elaboration of the channelize problem that has plagued educators ever since Edward Thorndike first set forth his theory of conduct through the origination of identical elements in 1908. The most easily explained is the replicative use as described higher u p because of the direct comparison between the use external to the school and the mode of learning and practice in school. Take reading for example. Reading from school materials is directly similar to reading of materials orthogonal the school. But when it comes to applying knowledge or reservation new interpretations or associations between knowledge required in school and life situations external to schools, a more complicated transfer situation exists.Unfortunately, many of the questions raised about utility and uses of schooling have not been answered through curriculum design. Nor are they likely to be because so much is dependent upon classroom teaching technique and the design of instructional strategies. The best efforts in curriculum design have been through the generation of new courses (subjects if you please) in which the content is purportedly more like life external to the school. adduce here is made not only to specialized courses such as technical, vocational, technical and occupational courses but also to courses intentional around zep problems, problems of living, and core programs.In many respects, the broad fields courses were designed for purposes of saving time during the school day and to facilitate the transfer of knowledge acquired. But whatever the curriculum design, if teachers are not aware of and fine to the kind of analyses of the content to be taught as we have been discussing it, the uses of schooling will not be maximized. All the more reason why teachers should be part of the curriculum planning effort and participate in the required dialogue.In summary, accordingly, what courses of action with respect to curriculum design appear to be the most appropriate for todays curriculum planners? The most important aspect of curriculum design is the display to be made of culture content once the content has been selected. The total amount of culture content is eternally growing thus making the problem of selection for cur riculum content more difficult as time goes on. Unquestionably, the role of those schools (elementary and secondary) that operate under compulsory school attendance laws must constantly be examined in terms of what they should or should not offer in their curricula. The elementary school curriculum has continuously been designed with general education in mind. In our contemporary society, the secondary school seems to be moving in that same direction. Both, however, have seen scoff to divide the content selected into realms or courses as appropriate.Scope and sequence have long been two major problems in curriculum design. The display of course content into local outline is one way planners can watch for discrepancies in scope and sequence. It also helps with horizontal voice among the various subjects. To help teachers generate greater insight into the content outline, it is desirable that the curriculum design reveal the pass judgment cognitive, inquiry or skill, and affective outcomes.These are effectedly arranged in the design of the content in pair with the points in the outline. issue behaviorally the outcomes are to be stated is ex gratia to the planners. These outcomes should also be thought of in terms of any goals or purposes that may be stated in the curriculum. What else to include in the design is optional to the plan. It has render quite conventional to think of goals or purposes first and then to select the content. Such procedure is quite arbitrary because all content is selected with some purpose in mind. Nonetheless, a statement of goals and purposes is a effective element in curriculum design.I would add to the topic outline and the expected outcomes a directive statement about the intended use to be made of the curriculum and a statement outlining a scheme for evaluating it.

The Society Effects of the Iraq War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Society Effects of the Iraq War - Essay ExampleThere has lot of controversies on whether the deployment of forces must come to an residue sooner rather than later.The cost of the war so far has estimated to be somewhere between two and three trillion. Most of this money goes to deployment of the huge troops in Iraqi soil post war. While the crime rate in Homeland is on the rise, much of US citizens tax has been spent in protecting Iraqi citizens.Instead of investing this heavily in a war, the security systems and homeland protection could pick out been developed to counteract terrorism. Its true at that place had been no terror attacks on US in homeland post September 11, 2001. exclusively the loss of US citizens as troops in Iraq and Afghanistani and loss of US diplomats and tourist on foreign soil has been on the rise. The cost relating to these attacks has also been on the rise.The wages of war roadside bombings, military funerals, bust mosques, wounded children have sh aken people far from the violence. Post war, US had to spend millions in rebuilding Iraq. They had to bring the fallen economy of Iraq back to stable, victimisation their dollars.With the US economy falling into recession with the war, its motives in foreign affairs has also been questioned. US started the war stating that Iraq is engaged in accumulation of weapons of mass destruction. But to date no such arms and ammunitions of mass destruction has been discovered in Iraq. ... Many families have lost their family members in Iraq war and some soldiers have been separated from their family for more than three years. This creates a lot of criticism of the motives of the government on US homeland. The military hospitals atomic number 18 not equipped to handle the skyrocketing good turn of soldiers affected by war and returning with significant mental problems caused by living on edge of death for months at a time and deepen by multiple combat tours. The support the veterans of this war much more than we did in the Vietnam era, but the mental health treatment they are receiving is only marginally better.Average Iraq citizen always lives in the fear of being attacked. Ever since the end of the war, the Iraqis have suffered huge losses than it was during Saddams reign. Though Saddams period was one that of dictatorship, there has been not this much terror attack. Most of the Iraqis are now questioning the purpose of US soldiers out there in Iraq and doubt the very intention of US. This has been advisedly utilized by terrorist to create hatred on America.Wars remain subjects of debate not just because their necessity is in doubt but also because their results are mixed. Though US task of removing Saddam from power has been accomplished, it real purpose of war on terror has been on serious scrutinizing. The confusion in nitty-gritty East has triggered the rise of oil prize and has created a lot of diplomatic failures for US in Middle East. Post war, a lot of ne w insurrectionist groups not related Al Qaeda has been formed and they continue their attack on democracy.ConclusionThe war on Iraq is certainly an issue worth debating and only time knows how the historians are going to perceive

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European Economy and Political - Essay ExampleAs Howe (2006) observes, this is rather possibly because irrespective of her downfall and the rise of New Labour, on both political and economic fronts Britain is still living the consequences of Thatcherism. Among these consequences is the outcome of her confrontation with Britains Labour Unions which in effect culminated in the demise of the latter and contributed to the downfall of the former (Howe, 2006). Whether or not the severe curtailment of the powers of the labour unions were a positive or negative development, only when as whether or not Thatcher was singularly responsible for the stated, are questions worthy of exploration. In investigating these questions, the essay shall argue that while Thatchers politico-economic policies vis--vis trade and labour unions were aboriginal to the decline of their powers, they were not singularly responsible for the stated curtailment. In addition, when analysed from within the parameters of the governments intentions and its economic vision, there appears to be no other viable option to the reduction of union powers.Whether or not Thatchers political and economic policies were responsible for the reduction in the powers of Britains unions is debatable. ... 4 Homeownership roseC. Macroeconomic figures validate Thatchers union policies.VI. The question of whether or not positive macroeconomic performance indicators allow for an objective determination of whether there were any alternatives to these policies. A. Economic problem was largely linked to strikes.B. As a consequence of continued strike, once powerful industries were virtually destroyed.C. Strikes were at the heart of inflationD. Solution lay in limiting strikes.VII. The only realistic, workable and rough-and-ready way the government could reduce strikes was by passing laws and policies which imposed a regulatory legal framework upon the very practice of striking. A. Wildcat strikes were outlawedB. unratif ied to call strikes without ballots.C. Power to call strikes was severely limited.VIII. Conclusion In the final analysis, the effectiveness of Thatchers curtailment of union power must be affirmed. A. Strikes were remarkably reduced.B. muddled workdays were regained.C. Britain was on the road to economic recovery as a direct consequence of the limitations imposed upon union powers.Few political economic trends have been as controversial as has Thatcherism and hardly any British prime ministers possess as debatable a legacy as does Margaret Thatcher. Although ousted from power by he own Conservative Party close to two decades ago, Thatcherism and Thatchers legacy remain as divisive a subject today as they were throughput the 1980s. As Howe (2006) observes, this is preferably possibly because irrespective of her downfall and the rise of New Labour, on both political and economic fronts Britain is still living the consequences of Thatcherism. Among these consequences is the outcome o f her confrontation with Britains Labour Unions which in effect

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Describing two works of art - Essay ExampleThe picture itself is revealing almost each(prenominal) striking color that catch the eye of the viewers. I think the artist has successfully conveyed the message that one should live a life full of triumph in order to be happy, as well as to spread happiness among others.Poppy Fields by Zhang Huan is one of the most attractive prowesss of recent times. The artwork features a wide range of colors on an oil-on-linen painting. If we look at Poppy Field No. 5 by some distance, four main colors catch the eye, which include teal, pink, lilac, and faded red. The artwork looks like as an abstract art if we look at it from some distance. However, from a closer look, tiny faces and skulls perish visible. The meaning of the artwork as expressed by the artist is birth, illness, senility, and death of humans. I personally think that the meaning being conveyed through this artwork as described by the artist does not appear in the mind of every viewe r. For example, to me it looks like conveying that every person in the world has a different internal color which becomes evident with the display of different

Emergency Response & Crisis Comm Plans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Emergency Response & Crisis Comm Plans - Essay ExampleThe Crisis nerve center includes two component parts. The first is the Operational Control Incident Centre (OCIC) which is the corporate command and control centre that provides policy guidelines, responds to enquiries from the media fraternity, and has admission to a wide selection of resources such as key personnel and communication instruments.The entropy base component part is the Emergency Procedures Information Centre (EPIC). EPIC provides the coordination and control of all passenger and family information for the British Airways and liases with activated Telephone Enquiry Centers (TECs) worldwide, including the U.S.A. The second component part will support the OCIC in providing information and support (Belliotti, 2008).However, the British Airways Emergency Response Plan does not mention any background on the anticipated crisis. There is a general mentioning of a possible accident but does not include any further detai ls as to the type of crisis that can occur. In case a crisis does occur, the emergency response plan has outlined various specialised actions that will be taken to steer the needs of the families of the passengers involved. Detailed sections are included in the plan specifying the most relevant and necessary actions to be taken in case of an accident. The plan contains specific instructions on corporate command and control centre to be carried out by the OCIC and the EPIC. Overall, the plan is well presented with specific sections to address specific issues that are likely to come up in case of an accident. All the anticipated problems are dealt with in the emergency response plan and specifically put the pursual of the involved families and stakeholders first. However, the Emergency Response Plan does not highlight the stakeholders on the nature of the accident for which the plan was proposed. It fails to inform the stakeholders on the specific nature of the accident.Consideri ng the nature of the plan, the anticipated

Three of the psychological factors that influence consumer behavior Essay

Three of the psychological factors that influence consumer behavior are perception - Essay ExampleFinetti notes that online advertising and new media channels is becoming a larger part of the marketing mix due to the increasing number of online users who utilize internet-enabled technologies to transact with companies. Second, marketers have to give due consideration to changing consumer preferences towards ethical and socially responsible consumption. The same author observes, for instance, that more than and more companies are going green. Apparently, this is in response to the growing public pressure on corporate actors to impart to efforts at mitigating the social and environmental problems that business activities and the culture of consumption creates. Lastly, marketers have to take note of the lifestyle and economic changes wherein consumers live in a more fast-paced, time-constrained environment since this inevitably affect the way that consumers evaluate and associate the mselves with products and companies.

Social policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social policy - Essay ExampleThe individuals against whom those powers might be used are just those who impinge the general rules they should not be identified in any other way. Since the point is to restrain the coercive activities of government, these general rules should not be framed so as to discriminate either against or in favour of any group of persons known in advanceagainst Jews or Blacks, for example. Laws against speeding lay overthrow general rules of this kind they apply equally to all motorists, and they do not single out circumstance individuals (say, BMW drivers) for special attention. Retrospective legislation is likely to debauch the rule of law on this interpretation since its victims and beneficiaries usually can be identified in advance. 1General rules of this kind that are announced in advance are a defence against the arbitrary actions of governments. They are necessary in Hayeks view both for the proper working of the market and for the universe of disco urse of liberty precisely because they allow individuals to plan their affairs secure in the knowledge that government powers exit not be used deliberately to forbid their efforts. Once governments go beyond the enforcement of certain general rules, their activities inevitably involve the coercion of particular individuals. Since general rules of the kind Hayek favours are not aimed to produce particular effects on particular people, their precise consequences cannot be known in advance. They provide a framework for the decisions and actions of individuals, but they do not determine what those decisions and actions will be. From this point of view there is no reason in principle why governments should not concern themselves with the regulation of economic affairs. But their interventions should take the seduce of a framework of laws within which markets can operate, rather than the direction of economic activity by a central authority. 2Here and elsewhere, Hayek

Haskell Indian Nations University Research Paper

Haskell Indian Nations University - Research Paper ExampleStudents wore uniforms and marched to classes as they were under the semi-military system. Facilities included a jail, for students who were unruly, and a brig (Anonymous 07). In 1894, 606 students were admitted into the university, from 36 States. The college started offering college classes and normal tutor in 1927and the last high school class graduated in 1965 anonymous, (11) asserts. In 1970, it was accredited to be Haskell Indian Junior College and by 1993, Bachelor of cognizance degree in elementary education was added and it was later changed to Haskell Indian Nations University. . The university offers majors in Indian American studies, business administration, environmental science, and elementary education. Fee per semester is $215, amongst 2007 and 2008. The origin hosts about 1,000 students, representing 150 tribes and the 50 states of United States of America of tribes of Indian American together with Alaskan native-born Villages (Anonymous 4). The university has twelve campus buildings which form national historical landmarks in United States (National Park Service 342). Based on a graduation rate of 9% reported tot the Education Department, the university was ranked rate 9 on the list of top fifty dropout factory in 2010 in the universitys College Guide, from Washington Monthly (Dropout Factories 44). The mission statement of the institution is clash the highest cultural needs and educational levels their nation, surrounding Indian nations and all those who want to engage in a learning life. Their vision is to serve all pot through innovative and higher opportunities of education. The philosophy statement is celebration of all Indian cultures together with empowering individuals who goes to the institution to seek knowledge. Research Areas The university is highly funded by the role of Indian Affairs (BIA) together with United States. In its service demonstration to indigenous s tudents and local communities, GIS technology courses ar now being offered in the institution and this offers a great work experience and educational opportunities to Alaskan and American Indian natives at Haskell, besides supporting the local tribes by providing their skills to solve their needs, as students take back important knowledge to their respective villages and tribes (Native Americans Association 76). The institution primarily serves Alaskan natives and American Indian tribes, and its development is shaped by the Indian affairs bureau. The institution also continues to be funded by the American government. The greatest challenge that the institution faces is ethnicity. Students from other colleges see it as an inferior institution, since the whites believe they are the superior race. Other challenges include historical trauma, chronic underdevelopment and poverty. However, students from this institution have become great scientists and entrepreneurs and are employed in the private and public sectors. Native Nation Information The university is located in Lawrence, Kansas, and it grants baccalaureate to members who are well recognized in United States as Native American tribes (Native Americans Association 59). The communities that are primarily served by the university are American Indian and Alaskan native tribes. However, other local tribes also benefit from the university as students from this institution helps them solve environmental and economic problems that they face in

Continuity and Change of Scribal Education Essay

Continuity and Change of Scribal Education - Essay Exampleole in the dissemination of cuneiform literacy, which firstly appeared as an educational institution in the Old Babylonian period and was referred as Eduba, a Sumerian word meaning the tablet house (Sjberg, 1974). One of the literary sources frequently mentioned is the royal Hymn dedicated to ulgi, the king of The Third Dynasty of Ur. ulgi is presented describing his scribal education and proclaiming himself a perfect scribe. The passage became a background for the supposition that scribal schools had already existed in the twenty first century BC, however this is unlikely since all preserved versions of this Hymn came from the Old Babylonian period and primary from the school tablets in eighteenth century BC (Kuhrt, 1995).Archaeological evidence provides the tablets mostly referred to the political science system (lists of agricultural items, receipts, taxation documents etc.). Therefore, both the archaeological and literary sources hardly allow pickle the appearance of the organized school practices earlier than the Old Babylonian epoch. However we can speculate that some scribal training was provided. A wide range of administration tablets could not be produced without the extensive agniseledge of cuneiform literacy. Moreover, the texts from Ebla mention that the group of young scribes arrived from North Babylonian Mari. These tablets possibly indicate that Babylonian scribes were sent to instill their foreign colleagues, as Mieroop suggested. His assumption allows the suggestion that scribal schools probably existed already in the third millennium, and this is only not proved because of the absence of archaeological evidence (Mieroop, 2007).We know old Babylonian Eduba due to the references found in literary sources. Apart from royal hymns, Eduba is mentioned in Eduba-Dialogues, describing the student life. Examination Text A provides information somewhat exams in scribal school. Another frequen tly quoted source is Schooldays that contains a vivid

The Reluctant Workers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Reluctant Workers - Essay ExampleAston is then forced to schedule morning meetings.Secondly, Aston seems not to come up with a method to make sure his employees to communicate with him (Morris, 2012). At most times, the employees presume that they are conversant with everything and are not interested in the job at all. This whitethorn also recount to the fact that a great proportion of them are aged, and are not weary of the fact that Aston will be their boss for the overnight time ever (Morris, 2012).Thirdly, the employees have no interest in their job. Morris (2012) give an example of when Aston had scheduled a test, and the customers top management had think flying out for 1st hand observations, but two people had already made arrangements for their vacation, another had think to go out fishing, and another had planned to spend time with the orphans (Morris, 2012). This is to mean that the employees were more interested with what ensued outside the office premises as contr asted to their work. Aston complains that none of the employees planned for the test, all because of social responsibilities and other interests (Morris, 2012).As the stand out manager, Aston has shown tremendous interest and passion to his job. Were it not the uncooperative team members, Aston would by now be the best driver for his project. In relation to the lens nucleus skills mentioned above, Aston is clearly motivated in his job, and is willing to do anything to see to it that the employees work closely with him son as attain the goals of the project. He complains that he has never seen such non-commitment by employees like he does, explaining why he consults Phil Davies, the project director (Morris, 2012).In terms of communication, Aston is fast to communicate with his senior in relation to the project issues. As drawn by Morris (2012), the entire project entails a detailed discussion between Aston and

Critical Review of an Article on Teachers Behavior to Students Essay

Critical Review of an Article on Teachers Behavior to Students - Essay ExampleAn educational researcher has to start with collection of entropy in an go about to understand the individuals understanding of the reality using either unstructured or interviews. After data collection, an educational researcher forget construct friendly scientific theories about human relations. A major challenge that confronts educational researchers is access to data. Educational institutions are structured in a way that those in place have the power to manipulate those in lower ranks who may be part of your respondents. In addition, for them to consent to a research, researchers need to give as oft information as possible. Where the research involves children, researcher needs to seek permission from the parents (Scott & Morrison, 2007, p. 2-4). This paper looks into an educational article in quest to evaluate the scope, strategy, validity and reliability, reflectivity, and tone of voice of the analysis. Aims and scope of the research Teachers are kind to those who have good marks a study of Japanese young peoples views of fairness and fair-mindedness in school is an article by Emma Smith and Stephen Gorard, which investigates equity and fairness in schools. The research incorporates a substantial scope of the research and has an objective of adding on to the existing knowledge. It endeavors to educate the audience on the role of fairness in education. Apparently, equity, social justice, and fairness mean things to different people and the research delves into this understanding. Smith and Gorard insinuate different meanings to the word fairness according to different people. It can mean treating everyone equally, or treating them differently so that the outcomes are similar. While it is unfair to treat students in the same class differently, Smith and Gorard provoke our thoughts to appreciate situations that may necessitate the teachers to treat students in the same cla ss differently. For example, teachers with child with literacy difficulties in their class will offer special attention to them (Smith & Gorard, 2012, p.28) Additionally, the research embraces different paradigm necessary in educational research. They include a set of interrelated assumptions about the social world that guides the researcher in terms of tools, participants, methods, and results rendering. A good research has three paradigms including ontology, methodology, and epistemology (Mustafa, 2011, p. 24). The research follows the rule of ontology in that it has a good starting touch that describes existing claims and assumptions on equality and fairness. In addition, it goes ahead to explain something beyond what is known or assumed. For instance, Smith and Gorard appreciate that not all students can be treated in the same way. Different students have differing learning needs and thus the teacher has to note them and offer quality teaching to each student. gibe to Riley as quoted in this journal treating students with different needs equally is unfair and encourage rebellious a behavior (Smith, Gorard, 2012, p.29). However, in their scope, Smith and Gorard suggest that students with problems in their class receive much attention than the bright students. This contradicts the purpose of the research, which is to determine if teachers are kind to those with good marks. The overall research strategy This research is qualitative in nature. The research adopted this methodology because English research they wanted to make a comparison with adopted the same. In qualitative research, researchers collect data through close observation and documentation of a particular phenomenon. By using case study, researchers were

Hollywood musicals Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Hollywood musicals - Movie Review ExampleThis genre is considered as one of the popular genres of Hollywood. It had unique features, elements, themes and characteristics.In Hollywood Musicals cinema, music and songs were used as a narrative tool to convey the script to the audience. The songs and music had a different interpretation from the dialogues, the metaphors used in the songs would tell the story in an entertaining and creative manner. The combination of dance movements, rhythm, melody and other stylistic aspects of the genre make Hollywood Musicals as a unique, popular and entertaining.The review of Hollywood Musicals, Singing in the Rain (1952), Easter Parade (1948) and Good News (1947) will help to analyze the themes and ideas on which the movies were base at that particular time.Singing in the rain released in 1952 was directed by Stanley Donon and Genne Kelly. It had actors Don Lockenod, Cosmo Brown and Lina Lamont. The film was a modest hit just got a legendary status by contemporary critics.The movie has a great humor the scenes that deal with the skilful difficulties of the early days of talkies are hilarious and entertaining. This movie is about the making of movies, the setting is either the sets of the movie or the premiere shows. Singing in the Rain is considered as one of the best musicals made in its time. It was ranked as fifth best American movie in the list of Greatest American films in 2007.The movie offers a light-hearted representation of Hollywood with the stars that are caught up in the transition from the silent movies to talkies. The movie revolves around funny and hilarious scenes which deal with the scenes where the stars are dealing with technical issues during making of their movie.Singing in the Rain is considered as the best musical movie ever made, the sequence where Kelly begins dance until the cop looks at him strangely is probably the most joyous musical sequence ever filmed in the

Child and Youth Friendly Banking Product Development Guide Research Paper

Child and youth Friendly Banking Product Development Guide - Research Paper eventToday the teenaged person population globally is 1.2 billion representing the worlds largest youth population (UNCDF, 2012). This research analysis examined the feasibility of offering kidskin and youth friendly banking products (CYFI) as a partial solution to the problems confronting children and young people in terms of achieving a viable scotch future. In order to collapse the challenges and opportunities for CYFI, an empirical study was conducted in which a total of 10 executives from different banks were interviewed. It is concluded that the provision of CYFI can only be achieved through a multi-agency nestle which includes policy makers, legislators, bankers, educators and other financial services. This partnership is necessary to overcome the risks associated with contracting with minors, the relative immaturity of minors relative to their ability to understand and take state for financia l management and other challenges that will be identified in this research report analysis. Table of contents INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW CHAPTER 1 1. Introduction 2. Research Question 3. Methodology 4. Literature review CHAPTER 2 1. Why are child and youth friendly banking products important? 2. What would the ideal child and youth financial product look like? 3. What is the accepted state of child and youth friendly banking products? 4. What are real-life examples of characteristics of child and youth friendly banking products? 5. What is the current state of certification? CHAPTER 3 1. Findings 2. Conclusion Reference INTRODUCTION According to the CYFI access to financial products by youth and children is described as either a savings or checking account held by a child or a young person who is under the age of 18. The child or young person is also required to have significant control over the account and includes means by which the child or youth has financial incentives, in cludes strategies for communicating employment, is connected to financing the child or youths education, canvasses the child or youths satisfaction, and has internal controls for monitoring these factors. Once the criteria as set forth below is met, the financial institution offering CYFI is eligible for certification for providing Child and Youth Friendly Banking Products (Child & Youth Finance International). The Child and Youth Finance Movement began the initiative for encouraging and implementing policies and services that comport with five core principles. The first of these core principles are informed by international forgiving rights and in particular the Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989. In this regard, the first core principle maintains that children and young people are entitled to human and economic rights and protections. The second core principle advocates that institutions have a duty to operate their business affairs so that children and

Cross Listing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cross Listing - Coursework ExampleThe company obtains benefits by the economic activities of that foreign country especially from the financial markets ability to provide greater strength to the market value of that domestic company.Cross itemization is also one of the methods of diversifying the investors risk profile. By investing in a company which is not a domestic company, allows much more diversification to the local anesthetic investors as they are now subject to different sorts of risk exposures as compared to their other counterparts. These investors are subject to the risk of the economy of that cross listed companys country.In short, cross listing provides another avenue of financial resources to the domestic company as well as provides a safeguard from a in all probability hostile takeover. It also provides a greater opportunity and flexibility to the foreign investors in managing and maintaining their portfolio of investments in a diversified manner.Essar Energy plc i s one of the best hush-hush groups of India which have substantial investments in both the oil & gas sector as well as the in the power sector. Established in 1989 with fossil oil sector only, the company has made remarkable achievements such that the company remained highly successful even in diversifying its operations by investing in refinery and later(prenominal) on, in the power generation and distribution sector.In June 2010, the company cross listed itself in London Stock rallying after already having a carriage in the local stock exchanges in India. The company managed to raise net proceeds of around $1.8 billion from the UK investor. This had been the largest IPO subscription in London Stock Exchange after 2007 by any company. Currently, the company is a constituent of FTSE 100 index of London Stock Exchange.After a tremendous turnaround and avocation of the foreign investors in the stakes of the Essar Energy plc, the company

Social problem - elder care Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Social problem - elder care - Essay Examplere services to their elderly parents, may hope not to find themselves facing such care leads, and may not face a legal requirement that they do so or face a requirement that is not enforced. The children may not, in fact, ever face such needs because some percentage of the elderly reaches the end of life without developing personal-care needs. The need to care for a child is in nearly all cases a temporary situation, followed by a transition a lengthy and gradual transition, to be sure - to the capacity for self-care associated with independent living as an adult. However, the transition into disability during old age may occur gradually or rapidly, and is likely to manoeuvre the onset of an irreversible state of dependency, one that will end only in death. Thus, for several reasons elder care merits, and receives, special attention.Yet, elder care and separate major types of care work, such as caring for young children, share many common elements much of the care is provided in private households and is done so informally by family members the care entails heavy use of time inputs care is provided more often by women than by men the care effort imposes be in many intangible domains upon those who do it and, the caring produces benefits for society at large. Both the costs and the benefits are hard to quantify, in principle and in practice. (Arno, P., Levine, C., and Memmnott, M, 1999)Although contrary countries exhibit considerable variation in the types and generosity of publicly funded programs with which to meet the care needs of older people, the family remains everywhere the most important provider of such care. There is a voluminous research literature concerned with the nature, extent, components, and consequences of informal care provided to disabled elders. Much of that work is based on small, local-area samples, plainly in recent years a number of national-level data sources have become available with which to study elder care.One of the most

What patriotism mean to me Essay Example for Free

What patriotism mean to me EssayLoading Older Messages (11)SundayAntahlia Napier10/13, 908pmAntahlia NapieryeaMondayNate Young Migo Thompson10/14, 501pmNate Young Migo ThompsonWydAntahlia Napier10/14, 509pmAntahlia Napierchillen nowNate Young Migo Thompson10/14, 515pmNate Young Migo ThompsonIn woodland?Antahlia Napier10/14, 515pmAntahlia Napieryea im in da houseNate Young Migo Thompson10/14, 516pmNate Young Migo ThompsonWho Im woodland*inAntahlia Napier10/14, 516pmAntahlia Napierion no im in the business firmNate Young Migo Thompson10/14, 520pmNate Young Migo ThompsonLol who was out on that pointAntahlia Napier10/14, 526pmAntahlia Napieri dont no i seen jarmed them when i was oming home like and hour ago but ion no i dont go outside so idkNate Young Migo Thompson10/14, 543pmNate Young Migo ThompsonIf i come out there yhu gone come out lolAntahlia Napier10/14, 543pmAntahlia Napierim fiinna come out there easy nvm yea ill come outNate Young Migo Thompson10/14, 545pmNate Young Migo T hompsonWhere to?Where you gone be?Antahlia Napier10/14, 545pmAntahlia NapierDa poolNobody there anywaysNate Young Migo Thompson10/14, 546pmNate Young Migo Thompson check me where we use to be?Antahlia Napier10/14, 548pmAntahlia Napierand where is tt u dont even be doing nunthing anyways so what we meeting for? Nate Young MigoThompson10/14, 550pmNate Young Migo ThompsonOh well never mind then if you dont want toTuesdayNate Young Migo Thompson10/15, 523pmNate Young Migo ThompsonAyeTodayAntahlia Napier503amAntahlia NapierWessuhhpp?Nate Young Migo Thompson504amNate Young Migo ThompsonWyd today

External World Skepticism Essay Example for Free

External World Skepticism EssayLocke and Descartes thrust in truth different thinkings some how to defeat outside ground skepticism. Whose views atomic number 18 more valid to the highest degree the realiability of sense intelligence for understanding the external world?The pose a go at itledge, the idea of the existence of external world and the way it is sensed by human being has been controvesy issue for centruies. Descartes and Locke also two very important name who proposed roughly viewpoint, even it can be said some theories, on the issue. The existence of external world and external bodies are true without us? Or do they exist as long as we embrace them? The idea of existence of external bodies, the cognition of them can be attained through with(predicate) the way they reach us in some(prenominal) form. The most coarse and the easiest, as it will be discussed later as the only, way is the senses through them we perceive the real(a) objects and arrive at the information they exist or non. any existential material being has some spesific physical qualities that appeal to our senses, and through this way we experience them. It is an obvious fact that something that does not exist can do nothing to us or can show no quality to be noticed by us.Famous philospher Descartes also, basically based on this perspective, frame up forward that what we are perceiving through our senses are the external bodies that caused the ideas in us. As the ideas of external bodies caused in us by their perception through our senses, they exists outside sovereign of us. This means that whether or not we perceive any material being, it keeps to process of existence. Only, the idea of it, in us, begins with our noticing, perceiving and putting in a place in our mind. To be more clear, the part of it, its existence to us is this our getting the idea of it. And getting an idea of an objects is provided through experiencing it by our senses independent of ou r will and desire. When we notice an object it has been cognise that it reached us with one or more physical qualifications of it thus we perceived it through our sense organs and have an idea almost its existence. So, tt the very molybdenum we perceive an object, its existence accepted by us in my opinion.However, Descartes claims that sensory ideas must be produced by some substances other than us as we have a passive faculty of sensory perception and only active faculties can use them. It is worth to noting that it is totally wrong as it is achievable our having an idea that produced without us. The ideas are produced, no matter what they are about, in our mind. And, ideas of external things comes into being in our minds just because we can notice them in a way. after(prenominal) their idea, their knowledge is reached with the way their qualities are perceived by senses. On the other hand, Locke makes his theory depend on a more assured ground. The Knowledge of the beingnes s of any other thing we can have only by Sensations. The only way to know any external thing is to experience it through our sensory organs.Because their realization in our minds or their existence in us is created by the testimony of our sensory organs. It can be said that our understanding of the external things pass through our reliability on our sensations. However, it also is worth to note that whenever we perceive something through our sensory organs, a certain quality of them affects us in a specific way. After their perception realizes in our mind, we makes reasons about them and understand that on that point are material objects that exists outside, independently. So mean, there are external material things that exists without and independent of us. Furthermore, the knowledge of them can be gained only through sensations and perceptions. First of all, when we face with an object, we perceive it through our sense organs.This perception is moved on to our brain, and with its indication of the object, an idea of it takes place in us. For instance, my perception of a book, my knowing of a book is provided me with the certain qualities of it. Its underframe and color could be an example for this. It has a hurl and a color and i can see it with my eyes, so the idea of the book reach me through the testimony of my eyes. In this example the color and the shape of the book helps me to define it in my mind with some specific qualities. Again, lets consider a flower which has a good odor and bump color. Using our sensory organs we can ascribe the flower color and odor qualities. In a more detailed way, thanks to its odor i know that there is a thing independent of me which has a color and an odor. It already has been there with its color and odor unless we were not aware of it in the lead perceive it. Otherwise, because our sensory organs do not have the capability of producing some senses without getting any stimulus from outside, it would be a fallacy t o rely that we create the ideas of external objects in our own mind without their existence, even though in some situations stimulus may leads us to have wrong ideas about the reality.Additionally, it is also some other possible situation that we may have the idea of an object, without getting any cause from it at the very that moment depending on noncurrent experiences. As an illustration, lets consider a nomad traveler who passing through a desert. The weather is so hot, everywhere is yellow and the tiredness of travel very long time increases the desire to have some water but he does not have. In this while, within this deprivation he sees a clear. But as far as he gets close to it, the puddle becomes distant, and the nomad realizes that it is not a real, existed puddle but just a mirage. His eyes tricke him and he sees an object which, in fact, does not exist there at that moment. With the effect of other stimulants like hot weather, yellow color etc. the thirst increases t o the glide by that it gives rise him to see an unexisted thing as it exists there. The idea of a puddle comes into being in the mind of the nomad at the result of the causes come from the outside existed things, but it drags him to be under the illusion of an unexisted thing at that moment.To be more clear, it is not the situation that the nomad sees a never existed thing as existed at that moment on the contrary, he sees an image of an existed thing which existed in fact on this world, but unexisted there and for that moment. The appearance of a puddle is a consequence of the perception of hot and the vast desert. Perceptions of their being truly creates a false idea of some other object. So to speak, her brain plays a game with the nomad and brins up the idea of a previously perceived object. The nomad has the notion of puddle. He has the idea about how a puddle looks like. And at that moment with the wrong association of ideas, he had wrong idea about the puddles to be there a t that moment. Nonetheless, it does not change the reality that there is a puddle thing outside him and the perception of it realized before, the idea of it comes into being in the mind of the nomad, thus he can recall it among from all the ideas he has thanks to previous perceptions. The perception of the puddle came to existence in a moment his previous life.Consequently, our sensory organs may lead us to have wrong perception in a moment of our life, but it cannot be deniable that this wrong perception also comes from a true perception of the object in another moment, so it exists for another moment even though it does not exist for that moment. Locke has a claim related to this As when our Senses employd about any Object, we do know that it does exist so by our Memory we may be assured, that therefore Things, that affected our senses, have existed. And thus we have knowledge of the past cosmos of several(prenominal) things, whereof our senses informed us, our memories still re tain the ideas and of this we are past all doubt, so long as we remember well. We entrust the existence of some objects as we have past experiences with them, even though at the moment we think about them we do not have any physical relation with them. Moreover, as another point of view, if it would be thought for things that cannot be sensed by our sensory organs but material, it can easily be said that it is impossible that there such a being exists, as the material objects are the ones that have some physical qualities that affect us through sensory organs of us.When it comes to surcharge things or their ideas in us, the situation is totally different and we cannot be so sure about their existence and we cannot have a definite, true knowledge of them. They are not physical obejcets nor are qualified with the features that can be comprehended through perception. As i agree with him to some extent but do not completely, Locke thinks that the idea of spirits does not make us know that any such thing do exist without us, but Eternal God. And concord to him we must believe existence of some spiritual things, even though we cannot perceive and discover them in any way, as God created them and we informed about them with revelation or for other reasons. The spirits or abstracts that we have idea about them are known by us, as some of us experience them.We are tend to believe in what majority believes. Although we do not perceive them with our own senses, we may be persuaded to have the idea of their existence. It also is related to our beliefs. If God informs us that they exist even though we do not experience them, we may believe as we faithfully trust and obey Him. However, It is not certain that some spirits are around exists. They may be there for the ones who believe in them, and not for the others who do not believe. These kind of knowledge depends on belief and it would not be logical to say something certain about them. Descartes on the other hand, lin ks the knowledge of non-material things to God. According to him, if God had not give us a way to recognize such higher forms, we has been strongly inclined to believe that bodies produce them. And so if the ideas were transmitted from a root other than corporeal things, God would be a deceiver and he is not so bodies exists.This claim again would be true if one believe in God without any doubt, but s/he may not. So it shoul have more logical explanation that do have a common validity for everyone. As i mentioned above, since the ideas of abstracts cannot be thought independent of belief, their existence might be related to the believing them directly. As an example, think about Deism those who believe in it consider God as the only holly one. They believe in God, but they rejects the religions, reveletion and all the other things which are mentioned in religions as things created by God.So in short, the existence of things other than the material things cannot be known clearly and certainly as they might be accepted by the ones who believe and might not be accepted by the others who rejects. Last but not least, it can be said that having knowledge about any issue begins with knowing and knowing with understanding. To understand something, it is a must that its being left an impact on us in such a way that we perceive it through sensations. Addition to this, it is a fact that an impact comes with a feature that belongs to an object and helps us to perceive the object, thus we comprehend its existence and have the knowledge of it. 1 . Descartes, Meditations 6 , p 43 in textbook. 2 . Descartes, Meditations 6 , p 45 in the textbook 3 . Knowledge of the Existence of other Things p. 630 (in textbook) 4 . Knowledge of the Existence of other Things (p 636, p 134 in textbook) 5 . Knowledge of the Existence of other Things (p 637, p 134 in textbook) 6 . Descartes, Meditations 6, p 45 in textbook.