Beta Particles :: essays research papers

Aim: I will investigate how the field strength varies the deflection of Beta Particles. Preliminary Work I started my preliminary work because, when I started my measurements using 2 coils used in experiments to deflect electrons from and electron gun. While testing for the deflection of beta particles, I found that beta radiation was scattered in a very large cone, I can not get any readings with amount of beta radiation scattering. So I would have to construct some type of shielding for this investigation, this is so I can measure the deflection more easily. The angle at which the beta particles are being scattered is 48o. Deciding on the Type of Shielding I will test for the best shielding. The best properties of the shield will be; it can be malleable to form different shapes and can be punctured, can stop radiation at a small thickness. Equipment Strontium 90 beta source GM tube + counter Different thickness of different metals Clamps, bosses and clamp stand to hold the source and the material being tested. Method 1. Set-up equipment as in the diagram 2. Record the thickness and the material being used. 3. Record 5 readings of the radiation count, and record them in a table 4. Replace material being tested with different material or a different sized material. 5. Repeat steps 2 to 4 as required. Results The background radiation reading is 2, 4, 6, 4, 5, 2. The average count is 3.8 (1dp). Conclusion This shows that aluminium stops radiation at 3.5 mm, this would be difficult to use because, this thickness of Aluminium is not malleable and the aluminium is not soft enough to puncture. Lead can stop radiation at very thin thickness', also lead is very malleable and is soft enough to puncture. I will use Lead shield at 0.6mm thick, since it is the most abundant thickness' available and it is the easiest to form to any shape I want. Deciding how the shielding can be used. I want to have a tight beam of beta particles in this investigation, so I will use my knowledge on what would be the best way to shield the source. An unshielded source The source is unshielded and has beta particles spreading out. Angle Theta is the angle which the beta particles are scattered through. The path of the beta particles is not a straight line, but a curve because the beta particle are deflected by the moles in the air. The points A B are the furthest points where beta ration is detected.

Nightingale’s Spirituality in Practice

Nightingale's Spirituality in Practice Binbin Zheng Vanguard University Nightingale's Spirituality in Practice Spirituality is an abstract concept, however may be encountered on a daily basis. The first time when I came across the meaning of spirituality was in a survey to choose a most spiritual person among students at high school. As English is my second language, I did not fully understand the concept. Therefore, before integrating spiritual care to patient, what spirituality is shall be defined first. In a conference for spiritual care, spirituality is defined as â€Å"an aspect of humanity, the search for the significant or sacred, and being inclusive of philosophical, religious, spiritual, and existential issues that arise in the clinical† (Puchalski, et al., 2009, p. 886-887). Furthermore, Ruth Beckmann Murray and Judith Proctor Zenter described spirituality as â€Å"trying to be in harmony with the universe, and strives for answers about the infinite, and comes into focus when the person faces emotional stress, physical illness, or death† (1989). The definition the I concur the most is that â€Å"the core of a person's being and usually is conceptualized as a ‘higher' experience or a transcendence of oneself† (Maul & Schmidt, 2004, p. 2). Thus, how is physical health related with spirituality? According to the survey that presented by Maddox, most people believe in prayer and God would intervene the disease. However, the principles behind are not clearly revealed (2002).Mauk and Schmidt suggested that â€Å"suffering is an ongoing state that affects a person's sense of well-being† (2004). It usually causes the person to become low in spirit if they are physically ill. Just as Nightingale defined health as â€Å"not only to be well, but to be able to use well every power we have to use† CITATION Mas12 l 2052 (Masters, 2012). Nightingale stress to not limit nursing to administration of medications and other procedural care, but care for patients holistically with the spiritual care as well. Her 13 canons revolutionized nursing, and stayed applicable for current nursing. Nightingale's philosophy of nursing could be inferred from her theory that even an ill person shall not be treated as an object. Nightingale perceived the care needed to be delivered from the patients' point of view.Nightingale's theory was not invented by herself just sitting and writing about nursing, she took good care of the sick and wounded, even at late night, she made rounds to check on patients' condition. Nightingale's parents opposed her calling to care for the suffering, poor, and physically ill people. She convinced her parents in the end and became a nurse. While Nightingale was working as a nurse in the battlefield, she was distrusted by the other healthcare team. Nightingale was not discouraged; on the other hand, she strived to improve the care for the patient at that time. Nightingale went the extra mile for her regular job responsibilities. The effort, care, and love that Nightingale gave helped her to earn the other healthcare team and even soldiers' respect. Nightingale was intelligent and well-educated, moreover, her passion and her spirituality drived her to accomplish all the changes not only in nursing but in the entire healthcare system. One outstanding quality she had was the scrutiny with the patients' point view. As the little details and signs that were missed by most nurses, Nightingale discerned those clues, subsequently figured out the root cause of the phenomenon.A good patient scenario where Nightingale's theory could be applied both to the physical and spiritual will be hospice patient. Mr. M is a 52-year-old Chinese who was recently admitted for hospice due to end-stage liver cancer. His wife passed away 5 years ago due to heart attack, they did not have any child. (Mr. M lives by himself in a one-bedroom house in a safe community. He used to keep things that were even broken and expired in the living room. Newspapers and magazines are lying on the dining table chaotically, dirty laundry filed up on a broken massage chair. However, the bed is always made, and a picture of his wife is on the bed dresser. The window blinds are closed most of the time, and there is only one lamp in living room and another one in bedroom. The house is not well lit normally. There is no paintings or photos on the wall. The house in general feels gloomy.) Mr. M expressed that he misses his wife in addition to the symptoms of side effects from chemotherapy and deteriorating condition. Mr. M is a Christian, he has not been to a church since his wife's death, his niece and brother are the only people visits him weekly. Mr. M usually watches news on TV during daytime, and goes to bed early in the evening.Both nursing care and spiritual care could be applied for Mr. M's scenario using Nightingale's nursing theory. Using her 1st canon â€Å"Ventilation and warmth† CITATION Mas12 l 1033 (Masters, 2012).

APOA2 in relation to chronic diseases Free Essay Example, 4000 words

Currently, personalized nutrition is a practice that is not common as it is not routine for polygenic diseases to be genotype because it is a costly undertaking. A number of private organizations offer personalized nutrition and genotypes recommendations based on a few genetic variations. However, this has not been confirmed as being effective in the prevention of chronic diseases or promotion of health. Genetic variation amongst the human populace is very minimal with approximately 99% being genetically identical and a minimal variation in the 3billion bp. However, the approximated 1% in variations of genes leads to a broad variance in health outcomes that are dependent on environmental exposures and dietary intake. Some of these genetic variations between individuals are due to single nucleotide polymorphisms. SNPs are variations in a gene in single base pairs and vary in individuals that may or may not affect their health. Whether it has an effect is dependent on the gene that is linked to the SNP, the SNP genotype, and the presence of one or two copies of SNP genotype. In rare conditions, an SNP can be the cause of disease such as in the case of sickle cell anemia. We will write a custom essay sample on APOA2 in relation to chronic diseases or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Often, an individual’s health is affected by SNPs that increase or decrease the risk of chronic disease. There an estimated 10million human genome SNPs with an individual pattern and own number, some of which influence an individual’s nutritional status though this is yet established. Genetic variability in an individual affects their nutritional status in several ways, such as taste and appetite, nutrient requirements, chronic disease risk, energy utilization response to dietary intake. Researchers at Tufts University discovered gene linked to obesity and that is set off by saturating fat. In the study, the apolipoprotein A-II gene promoter (APOA2), a DNA piece controlling APOA2 gene expression was found to be associated with obesity in persons possessing the genotype CC (an APOA2 promoter variant). There are two variants of APOA2– T and C, which are subdivided to three genotypes TT, CC, and TC. The gene is responsible for encoding apolipoprotein (apo-) A-II, the second most common protein of the HDL particles. The protein occurs in apolipoprotein in plasma as a heterodimer, homodimer, or monomer. Gene defects could result in a deficiency of apolipoprotein A-II or hypercholesterolemia. Although studies have shown interactions between gene and diet, their replication levels are still very low (Ordovas, 2004; Afman, 2006, Corella, 2005; Loos, 2005).