What patriotism mean to me Essay Example for Free

What patriotism mean to me EssayLoading Older Messages (11)SundayAntahlia Napier10/13, 908pmAntahlia NapieryeaMondayNate Young Migo Thompson10/14, 501pmNate Young Migo ThompsonWydAntahlia Napier10/14, 509pmAntahlia Napierchillen nowNate Young Migo Thompson10/14, 515pmNate Young Migo ThompsonIn woodland?Antahlia Napier10/14, 515pmAntahlia Napieryea im in da houseNate Young Migo Thompson10/14, 516pmNate Young Migo ThompsonWho Im woodland*inAntahlia Napier10/14, 516pmAntahlia Napierion no im in the business firmNate Young Migo Thompson10/14, 520pmNate Young Migo ThompsonLol who was out on that pointAntahlia Napier10/14, 526pmAntahlia Napieri dont no i seen jarmed them when i was oming home like and hour ago but ion no i dont go outside so idkNate Young Migo Thompson10/14, 543pmNate Young Migo ThompsonIf i come out there yhu gone come out lolAntahlia Napier10/14, 543pmAntahlia Napierim fiinna come out there easy nvm yea ill come outNate Young Migo Thompson10/14, 545pmNate Young Migo T hompsonWhere to?Where you gone be?Antahlia Napier10/14, 545pmAntahlia NapierDa poolNobody there anywaysNate Young Migo Thompson10/14, 546pmNate Young Migo Thompson check me where we use to be?Antahlia Napier10/14, 548pmAntahlia Napierand where is tt u dont even be doing nunthing anyways so what we meeting for? Nate Young MigoThompson10/14, 550pmNate Young Migo ThompsonOh well never mind then if you dont want toTuesdayNate Young Migo Thompson10/15, 523pmNate Young Migo ThompsonAyeTodayAntahlia Napier503amAntahlia NapierWessuhhpp?Nate Young Migo Thompson504amNate Young Migo ThompsonWyd today

External World Skepticism Essay Example for Free

External World Skepticism EssayLocke and Descartes thrust in truth different thinkings some how to defeat outside ground skepticism. Whose views atomic number 18 more valid to the highest degree the realiability of sense intelligence for understanding the external world?The pose a go at itledge, the idea of the existence of external world and the way it is sensed by human being has been controvesy issue for centruies. Descartes and Locke also two very important name who proposed roughly viewpoint, even it can be said some theories, on the issue. The existence of external world and external bodies are true without us? Or do they exist as long as we embrace them? The idea of existence of external bodies, the cognition of them can be attained through with(predicate) the way they reach us in some(prenominal) form. The most coarse and the easiest, as it will be discussed later as the only, way is the senses through them we perceive the real(a) objects and arrive at the information they exist or non. any existential material being has some spesific physical qualities that appeal to our senses, and through this way we experience them. It is an obvious fact that something that does not exist can do nothing to us or can show no quality to be noticed by us.Famous philospher Descartes also, basically based on this perspective, frame up forward that what we are perceiving through our senses are the external bodies that caused the ideas in us. As the ideas of external bodies caused in us by their perception through our senses, they exists outside sovereign of us. This means that whether or not we perceive any material being, it keeps to process of existence. Only, the idea of it, in us, begins with our noticing, perceiving and putting in a place in our mind. To be more clear, the part of it, its existence to us is this our getting the idea of it. And getting an idea of an objects is provided through experiencing it by our senses independent of ou r will and desire. When we notice an object it has been cognise that it reached us with one or more physical qualifications of it thus we perceived it through our sense organs and have an idea almost its existence. So, tt the very molybdenum we perceive an object, its existence accepted by us in my opinion.However, Descartes claims that sensory ideas must be produced by some substances other than us as we have a passive faculty of sensory perception and only active faculties can use them. It is worth to noting that it is totally wrong as it is achievable our having an idea that produced without us. The ideas are produced, no matter what they are about, in our mind. And, ideas of external things comes into being in our minds just because we can notice them in a way. after(prenominal) their idea, their knowledge is reached with the way their qualities are perceived by senses. On the other hand, Locke makes his theory depend on a more assured ground. The Knowledge of the beingnes s of any other thing we can have only by Sensations. The only way to know any external thing is to experience it through our sensory organs.Because their realization in our minds or their existence in us is created by the testimony of our sensory organs. It can be said that our understanding of the external things pass through our reliability on our sensations. However, it also is worth to note that whenever we perceive something through our sensory organs, a certain quality of them affects us in a specific way. After their perception realizes in our mind, we makes reasons about them and understand that on that point are material objects that exists outside, independently. So mean, there are external material things that exists without and independent of us. Furthermore, the knowledge of them can be gained only through sensations and perceptions. First of all, when we face with an object, we perceive it through our sense organs.This perception is moved on to our brain, and with its indication of the object, an idea of it takes place in us. For instance, my perception of a book, my knowing of a book is provided me with the certain qualities of it. Its underframe and color could be an example for this. It has a hurl and a color and i can see it with my eyes, so the idea of the book reach me through the testimony of my eyes. In this example the color and the shape of the book helps me to define it in my mind with some specific qualities. Again, lets consider a flower which has a good odor and bump color. Using our sensory organs we can ascribe the flower color and odor qualities. In a more detailed way, thanks to its odor i know that there is a thing independent of me which has a color and an odor. It already has been there with its color and odor unless we were not aware of it in the lead perceive it. Otherwise, because our sensory organs do not have the capability of producing some senses without getting any stimulus from outside, it would be a fallacy t o rely that we create the ideas of external objects in our own mind without their existence, even though in some situations stimulus may leads us to have wrong ideas about the reality.Additionally, it is also some other possible situation that we may have the idea of an object, without getting any cause from it at the very that moment depending on noncurrent experiences. As an illustration, lets consider a nomad traveler who passing through a desert. The weather is so hot, everywhere is yellow and the tiredness of travel very long time increases the desire to have some water but he does not have. In this while, within this deprivation he sees a clear. But as far as he gets close to it, the puddle becomes distant, and the nomad realizes that it is not a real, existed puddle but just a mirage. His eyes tricke him and he sees an object which, in fact, does not exist there at that moment. With the effect of other stimulants like hot weather, yellow color etc. the thirst increases t o the glide by that it gives rise him to see an unexisted thing as it exists there. The idea of a puddle comes into being in the mind of the nomad at the result of the causes come from the outside existed things, but it drags him to be under the illusion of an unexisted thing at that moment.To be more clear, it is not the situation that the nomad sees a never existed thing as existed at that moment on the contrary, he sees an image of an existed thing which existed in fact on this world, but unexisted there and for that moment. The appearance of a puddle is a consequence of the perception of hot and the vast desert. Perceptions of their being truly creates a false idea of some other object. So to speak, her brain plays a game with the nomad and brins up the idea of a previously perceived object. The nomad has the notion of puddle. He has the idea about how a puddle looks like. And at that moment with the wrong association of ideas, he had wrong idea about the puddles to be there a t that moment. Nonetheless, it does not change the reality that there is a puddle thing outside him and the perception of it realized before, the idea of it comes into being in the mind of the nomad, thus he can recall it among from all the ideas he has thanks to previous perceptions. The perception of the puddle came to existence in a moment his previous life.Consequently, our sensory organs may lead us to have wrong perception in a moment of our life, but it cannot be deniable that this wrong perception also comes from a true perception of the object in another moment, so it exists for another moment even though it does not exist for that moment. Locke has a claim related to this As when our Senses employd about any Object, we do know that it does exist so by our Memory we may be assured, that therefore Things, that affected our senses, have existed. And thus we have knowledge of the past cosmos of several(prenominal) things, whereof our senses informed us, our memories still re tain the ideas and of this we are past all doubt, so long as we remember well. We entrust the existence of some objects as we have past experiences with them, even though at the moment we think about them we do not have any physical relation with them. Moreover, as another point of view, if it would be thought for things that cannot be sensed by our sensory organs but material, it can easily be said that it is impossible that there such a being exists, as the material objects are the ones that have some physical qualities that affect us through sensory organs of us.When it comes to surcharge things or their ideas in us, the situation is totally different and we cannot be so sure about their existence and we cannot have a definite, true knowledge of them. They are not physical obejcets nor are qualified with the features that can be comprehended through perception. As i agree with him to some extent but do not completely, Locke thinks that the idea of spirits does not make us know that any such thing do exist without us, but Eternal God. And concord to him we must believe existence of some spiritual things, even though we cannot perceive and discover them in any way, as God created them and we informed about them with revelation or for other reasons. The spirits or abstracts that we have idea about them are known by us, as some of us experience them.We are tend to believe in what majority believes. Although we do not perceive them with our own senses, we may be persuaded to have the idea of their existence. It also is related to our beliefs. If God informs us that they exist even though we do not experience them, we may believe as we faithfully trust and obey Him. However, It is not certain that some spirits are around exists. They may be there for the ones who believe in them, and not for the others who do not believe. These kind of knowledge depends on belief and it would not be logical to say something certain about them. Descartes on the other hand, lin ks the knowledge of non-material things to God. According to him, if God had not give us a way to recognize such higher forms, we has been strongly inclined to believe that bodies produce them. And so if the ideas were transmitted from a root other than corporeal things, God would be a deceiver and he is not so bodies exists.This claim again would be true if one believe in God without any doubt, but s/he may not. So it shoul have more logical explanation that do have a common validity for everyone. As i mentioned above, since the ideas of abstracts cannot be thought independent of belief, their existence might be related to the believing them directly. As an example, think about Deism those who believe in it consider God as the only holly one. They believe in God, but they rejects the religions, reveletion and all the other things which are mentioned in religions as things created by God.So in short, the existence of things other than the material things cannot be known clearly and certainly as they might be accepted by the ones who believe and might not be accepted by the others who rejects. Last but not least, it can be said that having knowledge about any issue begins with knowing and knowing with understanding. To understand something, it is a must that its being left an impact on us in such a way that we perceive it through sensations. Addition to this, it is a fact that an impact comes with a feature that belongs to an object and helps us to perceive the object, thus we comprehend its existence and have the knowledge of it. 1 . Descartes, Meditations 6 , p 43 in textbook. 2 . Descartes, Meditations 6 , p 45 in the textbook 3 . Knowledge of the Existence of other Things p. 630 (in textbook) 4 . Knowledge of the Existence of other Things (p 636, p 134 in textbook) 5 . Knowledge of the Existence of other Things (p 637, p 134 in textbook) 6 . Descartes, Meditations 6, p 45 in textbook.

Thomas Hardys Essay Example for Free

Thomas Hardys EssayIn chapter 6, we make that Bathsheba has inherited her uncles give rise, which was in truth unusual, Tisnt a master, tis a mistress, shepherd. Lately came here from a distance. Took on her uncles farm, who suddenly died. Men would normally benefit rather than a women, and landowners and workers did not view her as the best prospect for the farm to begin with, one of the reasons given in chapter 45 was, she is in addition young and beautiful. Even Gabriel felt she was unable to manage without him, How would the farm go on with nobody to mind it but a woman. In chapter 10, she forms a resolution to run the farm without a bailiff, the workers were very amazed, She would hopefully be better than a man in the role, she promised, in order that they will have confidence in her abilities despite her being a female. In chapter 12, Bathsheba attends the give market. Although she is dainlty dressed she is determined to brave the stares and drive hard bargains. Nearly every face turned towards her, except for which she noticed was Boldwood who didnt seem to recognize her.Now she dictum him as a challenge. Going into chapter 19, Boldwoods proposal and the promises he offers would have been seen as very advantageous to her, from the view point of the society, but she turns him down, saying she wants to marry for love. However, send the Valentine card to him has restricted her, she has had to pay the consequences and could not have turned down the proposal fully as she did with Gabriel, She had a strong feeling that having been the one who began the game, she ought in honesty to accept the consequences.There had been a second proposal from Boldwood in chapter 23, and still Bathsheba was unable to deny the proposal, Hardy even suggests she felt a, fearful triumph about the situation she was in. From then on she is trapped by her behaviour, even when she marries troy, and when he goes missing Boldwood negotiates a further marriage promise. In chapte r 26, Troy is flatter Bathsheba so much that, she becomes feverish. At first she tries to behave towards Troy with a sense of independence in her, but to the end of chapter 27 she is agreeing to meet him without a chaperone, Well, I wont bring Liddy and Ill come.But only for a short time, a very short time. Bathsheba is reacting very differently to the passion offered by Troy. Bathsheba changes she becomes powerless to withstand or deny him. She loses her sense of control and becomes the opposite of herself. In chapter 34, Boldwood pleads with Troy to save Bathshebas reputation by marrying her, which indicates how much regard the prim society put on a womans reputation as a virgin, Oh, How can she be saved now, unless I marry her? says as he teases Boldwood. Later, we learn that Bathsheba has married Troy.In this marriage she has lost her role as a mistress of the farm. After the marriage Troy has already started ordering Bathsheba by telltale(a) her and the rest of the women to go home so the men can carry on drinking, well send the women folk home Tis time they were in bed. whence we cockbirds will have a jolly carouse to ourselves . This direction undermines Bathsheba in front of her workers, but it also puts the farm in riskiness because the workers are overly drunk to save the hay from the storm. In chapter 37 we find that Gabriel is working with Bathsheba and he saves the day.Bathsheba tells Gabriel of her trip to Bath, she shows her understanding that maybe she has out the farm in jeopardy by marrying Troy but she felt her reputation was at stake because she had not adhered to the general rule of society but had driven to see Troy unaccompanied late at night I saw that a scandal might seize hold of me for meeting him alone in that way. Now, Bathsheba is acquiring unhappier by the day. She turns into an emotional woman and she is no longer in control of herself. Having married Troy, Troy is becoming reckless with money and Bathsheba can do sli de fastener to stop him becoming standardized this.This happens because in marriage in the 19th ascorbic acid the husband becomes in control of his wife and his wifes possession. In chapter 51 Bathsheba is not wanting to attract anyones attention with her beauty. In chapter 56, Hardy suggests that Bathsheba has had this downfall because she had so much pride and vanity in herself. Chapter 56 also starts with Bathsheba expressing the reliance she has had on Gabriel, and so she is upset when she hears of Gabriels resignation letter, It is that I may soon have to give up the management of your farm, Mrs. Troy.The fact is, I am thinking of release England not ee, you know next spring. Realising that she is now reliant on Gabriel she would not refuse his marriage proposal if he were to ask again. Hardy shows that just like Fanny, Bathsheba is also reliant on the security a man can offer her and she comes to realize that this security only comes with marriage. Bathsheba has taken on the role of the natural Victorian female, dependant on marriage for security, although the relationship is based on substantial affection. In Far from the Madding Crowd Hardy illustrates the position of 19th century women as being disadvantaged.Fanny and Bathsheba both provide contrasting examples of Victorian women who were victims of the treatment of their men. In their lives they are seen in the role of second-class citizens in fatality of a trustworthy man for survival, unless they can survive themselves. Womens social behaviour was expected to be restricted whereas men could have very little restrictions on how they behaved. They were even admired for some of their roguish tendencies. Hardys language as he describes Fannys plight expresses his sympathy for her, but Bathshebas suffering is not dealt with in the same sympathetic response.Her character, which was independent, has changed at the end of the novel. She appeared a more reserved character accepting the role of Gabr iels wife. I think that Bathsheba had wrong treatment from men as a result the way she acted, having so much pride in herself and being vain. It was good for her to have that independence in her but maybe she felt too much of her independence, which got her in a muddle. The classic example is when in the beginning of the novel Gabriel proposed to her and she did not accept, because she did not want to be thought of as mens property, notwithstanding in marrying Troy she destined herself to this very fate.

Leadership Styles At Asda Plc Management Essay

draws Styles At Asda Plc Management EssayKnowledge is power, and information is nowadays one the closely valuable assets if not the most valuable one. muchover if not properly managed information becomes rapidly useless, becoming a serious competitive disadvantage for any organization.Leaders play a crucial power in the game of knowledge management in each levels inside a company. The basic skills of any draw should confuse him/her able to solve problems, to make decisions, to plan, to manage meetings, to delegate, to communicate and to self management, but it also requires man qualities for nowadays good leaders are those who are capable of understanding and responding to the masss needs and to the changeless challenges and demands of modern days, without compromising the goals of the organization. Instead in the traditional model the leader would be at the top of the hierarchy as a chief authority. currently a good leader is not the one who is feared while occupying a po wer position inside an organization but the one who is respected and trustworthy for its human qualities a same(p)(p) character, values, ethics and beliefs, while combining it with other specific skills. Otherwise wont attract followers. But how butt joint theories and lead models are applied to a veritable situation evolving a real organization and how useful can that really become?Companys IntroductionASDA will be used as a unimaginative exercising of an organizationAfter War World I the milk prices were falling down rapidly, farmers had to protect themselves in response to that a farmer from Yorkshire (in draw with other farmers) named J.W. Hindell created in 1920 the Hindells Dairy developers Limited to acquire or build both wholesale and retail outlets for their milk, guarantying a steady market and a account price. That lasted about 25 years with a variety of dairy business, involving 9 companies in this cover. This partnership became a public company in March 1949 ( Associated Dairies and Farm Stores Limited), employing 1200 tribe.By 1965, Associated created a subsidiary ASDA Stores Limited, extremely profitable. A bran- revolutionary conception was launched new extremely large stores were open, in abandoned warehouses or mills, offering a limited selection of goods at the lowest prices. By 1978, ASDA had 60 superstores and two years later more than than than 1 billion gross sales mark. In 1984 butt Hardman became managing director and decided that changes (including new look for stores, new lightning) were needed or ASDA would fall behind , the ASDA Brand new sop up of foods would emerge to increase sales including other measures , under Hardman s direction the company sold not only but also the Associated Fresh Foods, concentrating only in superstores and expanded line of food stores, only expectation was Allied, a chain of carpet and drapery stores ,the Group was not able to sell it. ASDA acquired 62 of rival Gate routes superstores, the company unploughed on full expansion.In 1991 after Hardman resigning Archie Norman took and the next several years were dedicated to restructuring, renewing the discoloration image, lowering prices and product mix and in 1995 the profits were increasing again as compared to 1992. Then in 1999 the U.S. retail giant Wal-Mart Stores Inc. offered to takeover ASDA and in 2000, after the acquisition, launched Smart Price, a new brand based on Wal-Mart.ASDA with 259 stores is now the encourage largest retailer in the UK, having a very big competitive advantage price competition in a variety of shops, which helps customers to relate with the company. Also under Wal-Marts wings ASDA has been adding new departments worry pharmacies, opticians, je well upery, besides selling music, videos, and books.Examine the impact of different leadership attributes and skills on take a shit groupsThere is no universal academic concept of leadership there are as many definitions as the number of scholars studying it (combination of certain characteristics, skills, process ). It can be described as the result of a process by which an individual influences others in order to accomplish a common goal.Leadership should not be confused with power or authority for it is a wider concept, demanding much in-person effort from the leader in order to fully retrieve the batch in achieving that common goal mostly supporting all strategy on top of the companys values and culture. Many theories try and keep seek to identify the skills that a good leader should have, some became popular and important tools for management and leadership until now.John Adairs Action-Centred Leadership Model supported leadership has 3 main responsibilities task, team/group and individual, keeping all these 3 responsibilities in the right balance the supremacy would be guaranteed better quality, sustains morale, develops the team and also highlights the incumbrance of the leader as a successful one. The leader, like in Tom Peters hypothesis also, should be inspiring to others, showing enthusiasm, commitment and cleverness to pass all that to the people. Although he argued that the situation itself would appoint the leader and determinate what kind of leadership, nevertheless some leaders need innate characteristics like military ones (need courage), other human qualities like integrity, wholeness and moral sense were considered essential to any leader.Elizabeth Moss Kanter focused on empowerment key to human motivation management should be available for those usually give aside, like women, clerical workers decentralizing authority with the creation of other small and autonomous groups.Early researches on leadership are more demeanoural scrutinizing to classify personal features that set efficient leaders apart from other people. Works like Daniel Golemans and also Higgs and Dulewicz work (among others) about emotional intelligence theory became very popular. EQ has become a very important factor to select and recruit, for management maturement, job profiling, HR planning, customer relations even to precipitate stress by decreasing conflict, improving relationships and communication, stability).Daniel Golemans EQ theory (EQ Emotional Quotient) is a revolutionary concept by defending that success does not depends only of the IQ (Intelligence Quotient), but also behaviour and character are twice important. His studies lead him to develop a model containing several personal (e.g. capability of understand oneself, self-control, self motivation) and social competences (Organisational awareness, Change catalyst, Building bonds), necessary for a good leadership. This is a tremendously important contribute most of all to develop people and organizations allowing to understand peoples behaviours, attitudes, potential, styles in management and interpersonal skills.Higgs and Dulewicz divided Emotional Inteligence in 3 major areasDrivers motivation and decisiven ess, skills that give people the necessary energy for achieving goals.Constrainers conscientiousness, integrity and emotional resilience (control and smooth the excess of drivers)Enablers sensitivity, influence and self-awareness, skills that help performance and the success of individualsIn result a successful leadership would be the sum of EQ, IQ and also Managerial Competence (MQ). In their theory the EQ of an individual (interpersonal sensitivity, self-awareness ) is also result of cognitive ability and certain management competences EQ is also affected by drivers and constrainers.Impact of leadership attributes and skillsPsychologists Litwin and Stringer at Harvard University developed research among top companies all over the world, in order to investigate the connection between leadership behaviour, team climate and performance ,they identified 6 types of effective leadership styles creating a (ILS) the inventory of leadership. authoritative gaining immediate compliance from employeesAuthoritative long term vision and leadershipAffiliative generates trust and harmonyDemocratic allows group consensus and creating new ideasPacesetting leading by example and finalization of tasks to high standardsCoaching the professional evolution of employees.The ILS helps to understand the leadership from the side of those who are led, it provides the leader the choices for leadership behaviour focusing on the individuals and how their behaviour affects team s results. Also, these 6 leadership styles would produce a positive and stable climate inside the organization improving motivation and performance. Climate was careful using some criteria to measure employees perception on how they were treated (like amount of responsibility given the clarity of goals and objectives team spirit ).They also concluded that organizational climates would vary according to the leadership styles, proving that the leaders personal qualities and actions have definitely a major impact on others.Explain how different theories, models or principles of leadership can be used to gain insights into leadership requirements for a given organisational contextMostly Re-developing of envision is not very much inaugurating, an entirely new envision for organisation as it is coming back the organisation that is failed to keep possession of its way to their main agenda. The new CEO Archie Norman took into command as CEO of ASDA Supermarket chain in the UK in 1991. That time ASDA was going diminishing, descending to a poor and poor position as compare to their competitors e.g. Tesco, Sainsburys and Safeway. essentially ASDA was losing its way as it tried to race with Sainsburys and Tesco by going upmarket, ASDA was at that time using a major designer to remodel their stores, Increasing their Product range, Introducing own-label products and appointing new management to give a big support to their stores. So ASDA was doing lots of new ideas due to ASDAs costs Rose. Because of co sts rising ASDA trying prices up and do to this ASDA was going away from their core customers. About three-quarters of ASDAs stores in that areas where the average income of people was below as average standard income. People were going on the cheapest prices to obtain their food. ASDA had also introduced new range of non food retailing products like furniture and carpets. So ASDA had led to a 1 billion debt burden. Archie Normans challenge was to take ASDA of their graduation Position, which he termed the Virtuous Circle revaluating the customary price with different of 5 to 7% below of their competitors and helpful and friendly service. That was definitely difficult by pecuniary point of view but with the good effort ofASDA Way of Working it became possible.With the effort of Norman the new approach was formed to transform that became an all-powerful and no races system to one where employees enjoyed work and regularly providing customer service with a personality derived from the heart of the company The struggle of Norman started daily huddles (like meeting) with managers and colleagues instead of each week huddles, Introduced Sharing option for all employees of ASDA with same terms from top to bottom, with All efforts of ASDA Colleagues ASDA brought biggest increase in sales. Everyone had right to give suggestion directly to Archie Norman, So he got 14,000 suggestion just in first 18 months. So the profits margin within 5 years in 1991 168.3 million to 304 million in 1996 when Archie Norman took command of ASDA as CEO role to Allan LeightonEvaluate the usefulness of the theories, models or principles of LeadershipThe World is entering in 21st Century, How many knowledge programs are try to focusing with usefulness of their leadership training. As resources are becoming more limited but the organisations are also trying to more and more accountable for meeting their goals. Taking Accountability and responsibility for improving youth leadership life sk ills today, Confident the assure for impressive leadership tomorrow. fix the leadership skills needed for a specific situation within an organizationLeadership and learning are indispensable to each other.John F. KennedyThe concept of Leadership in ASDA is slightly different while based in the servant leadership model, the leader is first a servant, and the mission of the leader is to serve others. Basically Servant leaders should help followers to develop their own values that support the organization in its mission (examples of this kind of leadership Mahatma Gandhi, Mother Theresa, Nelson Mandela and the Dalai Lama. grooming a leader is essential to any business success, mainly for small and medium sized companies, the leadership growing as well as the people training has become a very important process, especially for companies who look to reduce costs and increase their revenues, and over the time companies who develop their human assets (leaders and people tend to have better results than those who dont.Propose methods to develop leadership skills to meet the specific requirements of a part of an organizationA leaders skills can be sculptured and polished using different kind of methods like training courses, coaching, mentoring, by renewing the own methodology in leadership development programmes, devising partnerships with well-known academics ,formal management programs, international study tours , experimental workshops, action learning projects For example the CEO of U.K. grocery chain ASDA is responsible for profound structural changes like freezing wages, but also promoting transparency and egalitarianism in the organization, making ASDA a great place for everyone to work. Trust and openness increased as well as shareholder value in consequence. Such kind of leader is more participative, at same time capable of Planning, effectiveness, Financial and commercial understanding, Innovation, vision, creativity, taking initiative, problem-solving and decision-makingThe Belbin frame-work team roles model makes it possible for organisations to understand the weaknesses and strengths of individuals and creating more balanced teams to accomplish tasks and roles looking for the best performance of the team. This model could be quite useful when talking about a major company like ASDA with so many and such huge stores to manage, each one divided into several departments. A second benefit of this model applying to ASDA s example is that it allows to point out the existence of Incompatibility inside a team, avoiding the mix of the wrong individuals is one of the key reasons wherefore teams fail. An ineffective team may at times be nothing more than just a consequence of the wrong combination of people.Critically gauge the use of a full range of methods of leadership development within the specified contextThere is a large variety of leader development methods, but there are 5 major ones (also adaptable to ASDA)Developmental relations hips mentors and role models and also those who are designed to stimulate and support learning like coachers. Managers are expected to contribute to the development of their employees by teaching, coaching, grownup feedback. Nowadays the online social networking sites allow the dissemination of information at an epidemical speedDevelopmental assignments giving leaders the right challenge so they can develop their needs and goals (promotion, working in a multicountry project team working in a joint venture) also very useful to develop cultural awareness and adaptability in a global eraFeedback Processes -ongoing honest feedback, there processes may complicate 360- degree feedback for all managers with direct reports, in the end of a project to obtain feedback from their teamFormal programs mainly off-the-job joining individuals to share learning and development experiencesSelf-development activities (reading books, articles, using internet, all-staff meetings)The pursuit to unde rstand leadership concept continues daily, within rapidly and ever changing century. Leaders are expected to focus their attention on a more ethical leadership and on how emotions form and sustain relationships, what kind of thinking will be used? How can a leader coordinate several people, many dispersed geographically?ConclusionLeadership is common and necessary in all aspects of society and as a concept is not fully understood, daily challenged by constant demands of modern society, however there is no common definition of leadership no organization can stand without the leader fully understanding its values and culture, in order to strongly motivate and inspire the constituents that participate of the organization.Understanding the relationship between leader and the people is the key for any organizations success, not so much in a power or authority perspective, but looking also for more human characteristics and qualities. Being a leader also implies responsibilities and its a lso up to the public to support the practice of good leadership so it is even more important to understand the possibilities and weakness of leaders that is the true potential of theories and models of leadership.

Consumer Packaged Goods In The Following Six Segments Marketing Essay

Consumer Packaged Goods In The Following Six Segments Marketing EssayProcter and assay is a global multinational comp each, headquartered in Cincinnati Ohio Proctor and Gamble Wikipedia 2012. It manufactures by internal and third party manufacturers (3PM) consumer packaged faithfuls in the following six parts (Beauty, Grooming, Healthcare, Pet Care, Fabric and home care, Baby family care) as per its 2011 Annual report. well-nigh linked to its current point of inter atom portfolio of productions, PGs vision is Be, and be recognized as, the lift out consumer products and services company in the world whereas its mission statement is We will support branded products and services of superior quality and value that improve the lives of the worlds consumers. As a result, consumers will reward us with attractership sales, profit and value creation, allowing our mint, our percentageholders, and the communities in which we live and work to prosper. (PG Annual Report)It was not onl y until 2011 that the Pringles brand was under the PG umbrella. PG sells a myriad of products with multiple parts, tar nourish consumers and specific positioning. It is so mind boggling that it could d earthy from a Duracell battery to SKII a premium skin care product manufactured in Japan. In Australia, a bottle of 75ml facial treatment essence- unmatchable of its more popular SKUs sells for AUD100.The beauty segment offers cosmetics, female antiperspirant and deodorant, female person-to-person cleansing, female s bring care, hair care, hair color, hair styling, pharmacy channel, prestige products, beauty parlor professional, and skin care products. The Grooming segment provides electronic hair removal devices, home small appliances, male blades and razors, and male personal care. The Health Care segment comprises feminine care, gastrointestinal, incontinence, rapid diagnostics, respiratory, toothbrush, toothpaste, water filtration, and early(a) oral care. The Pet Care segm ent offers pet care products. The Fabric Care and Home Care segment includes laundry additives, air care, batteries, dish care, fabric enhancers, laundry detergents, and surface care products. The Baby Care and Family Care segment consists of baby wipes, diapers, paper towels, tissues, and toilet cover products. (PG Profile, Yahoo Finance)PGs vision of the best consumer products and services company in the world seems realistic and attainable as its consistently ranked as iodin of the as maven of the Most Admired Companies in the Fortune ranking (CNN Money, World most admired companies) earning cabbage spot in the consumer products industry and No 9 overall on the 2012 list. Over the recent years, PG has consistently earned the top spot within the Consumer Packaged Goods (CPG) industry firearm ranking in the top 10 of the overall list. Whereas PGs mission statement is in tandem with its actions as its presently the CPG in the world based on sales revenues and continues to stri ve for sustain dexterity in its business actions.It is currently the worlds grownst producer of household and personal products by revenue standing at USD82billion for 2011. PGs products reach 4 billion people worldwide and arrest 22 brands with over USD1billion in annual sales with another 19 brands generating over USD500 million in sales. The USD1billion brands include flow, Pampers, Gillette, Pantene, Bounty, Oral B and so onWith selling spend of nearly $10 billion a year on TV, print and online advertising, PG is the worlds largest marter. (PG ad spending hits $9.3 billion, Marketwatch 2012) However, the company has recently discovered the benefits of cost hard-hitting social and digital media and is gradually gaining traction in that arena which is mostly they believe was more cost legal and equally efficient as compared to handed-d line up media.In the hawkish Fast Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) industry, PGs brands are important to the company. It has spent a great dea l of period and money to establish its brand motion-picture show by develop superior products through extensive Research Development (RD), innovative packaging, ensuring its on shelf availability and backing it with engaging integrated trade communications and reliable service. However, the company seems to suffer from the fame of its company rather than its brands as compared to say its close challenger Unilever. Many people do not shaft of the company Unilever but have heard of its brands worry Lipton, Magnum, Dove, Knorr etc. Whereas for PG, legion(predicate) people have strong associations and recognition of the company but when you ask people to mention its billion dollar brands, people normal stumble over that.Because of the competitive landscape, PG is fools the initiative to reach out to the voice of the consumer through multiple consumer brain wave activities. They have realized that at the heart of their success will be a successful trade schema. PGs products are based on a sullen understanding of who their customers are. This of course doesnt imply that the company manufactures products to meet the whims and fancies of e precise consumer. However, PG aggressively exploits opportunities in the grocery store to their advantage and are continuously vigilant in the observe of those opportunities. Customer knowledge is thus important to PG which studies both end consumers and trade partners through continuous market inquiry and intelligence gathering. As proof of their commitment, PG currently spends more than $100 million no small change on over 10,000 formal consumer research projects annually and generates more than 3 million consumer contacts via its email and phone center. It also emphasizes numberting its marketers and researchers out into the field, where they can interact with consumers and retailers face to face in their natural environment. (PG kisses up to the boss, Advertising Age)PGs market oriented strategy continues to play a vital role in the company with the economic d taketurn and the onslaught of private label brands and consumers increasing makeing low monetary value and good quality products. At this moment, PG brands still dominate the premium end of most of the categories in which they compete in and while their aspirational qualities resonate with consumers, PG will have to rub at the top of the game in the fickle consumer goods market.Issue 2 PGs leading market position (Top 3) in almost all its categories provides it with significant competitive advantage. However, with the economic slowdown and consumers starting to penny pinch, it is increasing difficult for branded product manufacturers like PG to entertain their sales volume and revenue growth while preventing discounting which dilutes brand image.Looking at the SWOT Analysis (Datamonitor), we can identify the current PG positionStrengthsStrong RD and set up culture. Spends more than twice on RD compared to its hot rival Unilever.Leading market position in most categoriesDiversified Product PortfolioStrong brand portfolio- 24 USD1 billion brands.WeaknessesIncreasing instance of product recall thus implication of poorer manufacturing qualityDependant on Walmart and few other major retailers for majority of its revenuesToo many products, easily to get overextended, date for capital amongst brandsOpportunitiesExpansion in underdeveloped and emerging markets in Brazil, Russia, India China(BRIC) Mexico, Indonesia, South Africa, Turkey(MIST)Future growth plans and new segmentsThreatsRegulatory environmentSlowing global economic conditionsRaw material cyclical pricesCounterfeit goods or rip offs of innovation by Chinese manufacturersOther competitors like Unilever, Reckitt Benckiser (RB)Essentially PG is its own competitor. Its strength of having such(prenominal) a diversified product portfolio is also its helplessness because with so many products, its easy for PG management to get distracted, what mo re so its consumers who might be misidentify with too many choices. One of its main weaknesses is over-reliance on Walmart for majority of revenues. To increase distribution choices, PG could consider selling via its own website considering the popularity of ecommerce. Although, since this is not its core competency, it might not be a feasible strategy with some market research and feasibility studies. Its main external holy terrors are controlling its cost base and also stiff competition between other FMCG giants. To control cyclical raw material prices, PG could work out long term deals with raw material prices and it needfully to revolve around on improving its value proposition to its customers to prevent price wars.Customers PGs customer base is unique. Because not only would PGs customers include those in the modern and handed-down trade. They also encompass the end consumers both you and me.Modern trade refers to retailing at large format storehouses whereas general t rade refers to retailing at the thousands of self-sustaining retail, wholesale and mom and pop stores. Some examples of its customer would include Walmart, Carrefour and Tesco who are more prevalent and dominant in the developed world. Whereas, the smaller mom and pop stores are the distribution channels of choice in developing economies like India or Mexico where consumers buy sachets worth a few cents with high absolute frequency than a large retail store.PGs biggest customer is Walmart, contributing more than 16% or revenue in 2011 down from 20% in the early 2000s.(Wikinvest) In this case, customer power with Walmart is very strong and PG normally has to concede to Walmarts request for certain promotions or price discounts. At this moment, PG has not except discovered any alternative to Walmart and might have to yield to their demands. On the other hand, PG could use this to their advantage, using the judo move and utilizing the clout of Walmart and sell more products with s ustainable profits.In harm of end consumers, end consumers are fickle and are subjected to Moments of Truth. The best known is the First moment of Truth (FMOT), coined by PG where in just 3-7 seconds, a shopper encounters a product on the store shelf and decides in those short moments whether to buy it. If the consumer does not find the product, she moves on to a competitors product. There is basically little consumer fealty when it comes to soap and wash.The Second Moment of Truth (SMOT), is the moment when a consumer uses the product and is another powerful merchandising opportunity but it is harder for the manufacturer to control because this is when the consumer uses the Pantene shampoo and decides whether she likes the texture, smell or after results of the shampoo.Then it progresses to the Zero Moment of Truth (ZMOT) where consumers are going online using blogs, facebook or twitter to find inspiration for their own looks and get tips and tricks from experts or take cues fro m a favorite celebrity.Because of this progression and the influence of the internet of consumer behaviors, PG has started to re-evaluate the brands true FMOT and is looking to shift to focus on the notion of store back which means that ad agencies need to start formulating ideas at the retail store, working backwards to outside the store. This also means that marketers need work on their pull marketing strategies which gets demand forecast from consumers, not only the traditional push strategies and find ways to match the two. PG puts on its priority list the grandness that the end consumer perpetually has a consistent and positive experience from ZMOT to point of purchase and beyond, and has strived to get in front of the consumer with the right brand message upstream in the process of discovery and to continue staying there.Collaborators PG has many collaborators. They would include direct and indirect material vendors like raw material suppliers, advertising agencies, marketing research firms, independent product testing laboratories, logistics partners, communication companies, banks and financial institutions, travel agencies and hotels etc.Of special mention would be its hang on chain partners which would include warehousing, transportation, software providers and carriers as PG has one of the worlds best supply chain. In the 2012 survey, it placed in the Top 5 just behind Apple, Amazon, McDonalds and Dell. PG has showcased its ability to make efficient decisions across the supply network. It is a consistent challenge to ensure the right forecast demand and that shelves are filled, but PG has managed to find the right balance. With its best in class, open innovation platform, combined with an impressive new product operational capability that synchronized with its clockwork run supply chain, it taps a deep well of understanding its consumers, positioning to their ZMOT and FMOT, to continue to deliver new products on term and on demand. (The Gartner S upply Chain Top 25 2012)In modulate for all cogs to move in sync, PG has to maintain a win-win partnership with its collaborators to create sustainable competitive advantages.Competitors Due to PGs diverse product range, there is no one for one direct competitor with this behemoth. Some of PGs competitors include other FMCG multinationals like Unilever, Clorox, Kimberly Clark, Johnson Johnson (consumer division) and also Japanese FMCG companies like Kao, Lion etc. It faces strong competition from its competitors and has to constantly innovate, cut cost to maintain its position as the market leader. Its closest competitor would be the Anglo Dutch company Unilever but even then, Unilevers sales revenue is only half of PGs. PG also possess a higher operating margin than its competitors at 20.3% versus Unilever at 14.8% in the year 2010.Although PG has many competitors, it has established itself as a market leader and is thus well positioned to ward off competition or make necessary a cquisitions of smaller companies. Its last notable acquisition was in 2005 of Gillette, forming the largest consumer goods company in the world and placing Unilever in second place. This added brands such as Gillette, Duracell, Braun and Oral B to their stable.Therefore, for new start ups to the consumer goods industry, they would find the barriers to entry pretty high. Whereas for the vivacious competitors like Unilever, Colgate Palmolive, they have to continue to play the catch up game, in terms of market share.Context A PESTLE analysis will be conducted to construe the current situation for PG in the global market.Political With local operations in more than a hundred countries, based in different succession zones and continents, PG has to manage the complexity of different political regimes, rules and regulations and political trends influencing its business operations. On one hand, PG has to conciliate and thrive to the changing political pressures in different nations, yet on the other hand, due to its scale and size, it plays integral roles to cooperate and affect local government policy with its clout and manufacturing size. Therefore, It has considerable clout due to its ability to move and shift hundreds of jobs out of a country.Economic The world economy is having shorter cyclical patterns and PG is seeing market share stagnant or decline in the developed areas like US and Europe. However, world demand is forecasted to grow in the next few years due to growing populations and development of economies in the developing continents like Latin America and Asia. Due to the different nuances and different cultural and consumer habits, PG has to be attuned to the changes in order to continue to grow and thrive and it must take note that developments in the different markets and nations will cause an uneven growth situation in different regions. It might thus have to focus its marketing firepower on previously neglected upon nations.Social PG has to pla ce great attention and importance to the different social norms when expanding overseas due to various cultural backgrounds in different market in order not to step on any taboo landmines. For instance, due to the changing masculinity trends, we have the advent of the metrosexual and the demand for men grooming is seen as a growth area for the FMCG market. Or for example, due to the increasing drive towards beingness socially responsible, PG inevitably to source its raw materials like tomatoes or palm oil from sustainable sources or face wrath from watchdogs like Greenpeace of other tree huggers. Because of this sustainability trend, PG has committed to developing USD50billion worth of products that have a sustainable impact.Technological As the overall market of fast moving consumer products is very large and diversified, PG has invested significantly to gain technological advantage in order to maintain and expand its market position. As a result, technology investment in product formulation, packaging, product design is heavy and development is fast. PG has its own RD function reporting directly to the CEO and based on 2010 numbers PG invested nearly USD2billion in RD up from USD1.95 billion in 2008.Legal PG has to obey and fall out with different legal and tax requirements on its products, manufacturing process and business operations. With the rising prices in commodities, FMCG companies would like to raise prices but are contained by certain price ceilings by governments and thus PG has to battle with price ceilings yet remain profitable. For example, it tried to raise prices but suffered mandated price cuts in Venezuela and import curbs in Argentina.Ethical Because personal products are daily essentials, the quality and safety of the products are extremely important for the brands. Any scandals or rumors about the product can lead to significant and unconceivable toll on the image. For eg the recall in 2011 for their Oral B products due to Microbial contamination in Canada, China, Chile, Columbia and Mexico caused dissatisfaction amongst consumers in the way that it was handled where in China consumers who cute a refund had to send the empty product bottles, receipt and a copy of their bank account passbooks to the companys Guangzhou office which caused ire amongst the consumers as it was unreasonable for consumers to cargo hold the bottle after they consumed the mouth wash.Issue 3 PGs former CEO A.G Lafley who retired in 2010 coined a strong and simple message that the Consumer is Boss and PG followed his mantra and tried to get the true opinion of its consumers with the belief that the closer they get to the customers, the pause it was for them. (Innovation Machine PG 1 Billion $ for Consumer Insights. 2012.)PG spends more than USD400 million annual in external consumer taste activities. In those activities, they touch base with more than 5 million consumers spanning 100 countries. They also conduct over 20,000 man-to-ma n research studies every year, all this time and money spent is to understand the consumer a little bit more better to better identify opportunities for segmentation, product innovation and how to create a better overall service delivery to the consumers. (PG.com Core strengths)Apart from external sources, one famous platform that is created in-house by PG is TREMOR in 2001 under which it created the website www.vocalpoint.com which is a website for a community of mums to share knowledge and exchange opinions. Tremor is the word of mouth marketing organization developed by Procter Gamble that combines PGs wide-ranging marketing expertise with key learnings from cognitive science. (Tremor)It was founded for a dual purpose market research tool and Word of mouth (WOM) advertisement. On vocalpoint, it connects about 600,000 mothers and these mothers have an average of 25-30 touchpoints with other women as compared to 5 for a usual mom. They share product information with other mums an d this is key for PG as most household products are purchased by mothers or women in the household. They get samples and coupons to create a network effect.However, social media has changed the way in which companies gather information through traditional streams as consumers move to a digital age. It now gathers information about consumers through digital means like Facebook, twitter, launching apps that can be used on Smartphones etc and requires on website employment and analytics to spot the next trend.In terms of competitor intelligence, PG definitely closely monitors its competitors through various online sources and probably outsources this research to external companies. In turn, this information is divided up through the intranet about competitor intelligence and updates employees on what their competitors are up to. As there is no public information on this, I am assuming PG does the same if not more based on my work experience in Unilever.Competitors that currently repre sent a threat to PG would be Unilever, Colgate Palmolive, Clorox etc. The strategic group that PG is in would be the branded consumer goods section. However, PG isnt a direct competitor across all segments some of its competitors like Unilever still has a large portion of its revenue from its Food, tea and beverage business. Whereas Johnson Johnson not only consumer goods, but is also strong in medical and pharmaceutical industries. Its closest competitor in terms of direct product to product lineup in the household products market might be Colgate Palmolive.At this moment, PG is probably its own worst enemy. simply in terms of its closest competitors that represent a treat, I would think that Unilever, Colgate Palmolive are two or its nearest competitors. One point to raise is the threat of private labels brands from supermarkets themselves. This is starting to be a threat especially during the economic recession when consumers dont differentiate between Shampoo strike out X an d Shampoo Brand Y in terms of its value (reduces hair frizz) but on price alone. The in store brands by supermarkets like Coles or Woolworths compete in the same product category but obviously can afford to sell them at a lower entry price but higher profit margin. In order to mitigate this threat, PG has to spend more on branding and innovation to hopefully induce the willingness to remuneration for its products.The context of the FMCG industry is always dynamic. However, even though PG can probably use market research to stay abreast of latest developments, due to its size, it might not have the tractableness to react quickly to changes. It is clear in terms of the shift in power of the world economy USA is the superpower of the past whereas Asia is the new superpower. With its home still in Cincinnati Ohio, that in a sense is a cons paraphernaliat for PG as it is away from the business centers, away from the growth in the developing countries.PG needs the help of its collabora tors to move to the next level as they are all part of the value chain activities. For example, it would needs its global logistics providers to ensure on time shelf delivery at competitive cost, it would need the 3PM to produce quality and competitively priced products, ad agencies to produce quality and engaging ads etc. In order to select the best collaborators, PG has balanced scorecards in terms of environmental sustainability to maintain its commitment to reduce its carbon footprintIssue 4 As one of the leaders in marketing, PG has spared no efforts in its marketing segmentation. For its paper products like tissues and toilet paper, it has household brands like Charmin, Puffs, Royale and Bounty. For its shampoo segment, it has famous brands like Head Shoulders, Vidal Sasson, extraneous Plus, Ivory and Pantene, supposedly sufficient to cater to a wide range of hair oily, dry, dandruff, coloured, split ends etc. For the laundry segment, one of its cash cows has in itself 8 bra nds for sale in the United States. This would include Ivory Snow, Dreft, Oxydol, era, Gain, Bold, Cheer and its crown Jewel Tide. Because PG also is based worldwide, it has many different specially created brands in each category to cater to different international markets. In Latin America, it sells 16 laundry product brands whereas in its EMEA (Europe, Middle East, Africa) geographic segment, it has a whop 19 different brands for choice.PGs marketing strategy has clearly shifted from mass market to target marketing. It is aware that consumers have different needs through its elaborate consumer research, it has been move to develop a product for every type of need a consumer has, it seems that PG is trying to have a race with itself to develop new products for any lovely of customer. We can understand the motivation as PG wants to use its economies of scale and brand name to push out its products and expand market share to new and existing loyal customers. With the enormous num ber of brands in PG, we would imagine that each brand manager is trying to fight for publicity and capital for its brand. It is merely a sibyllic question, but could the multitude of brands be more of an internal fight for importance rather than actually meeting consumer needs?However, clearly PG positions itself in the premium section of the FMCG market. Its products like Pantene, Vidal Sasson can command higher prices than a lower end shampoo brand like Sunsilk from Unilever.As mentioned, the multitude of brands is both the strength and weakness for PG. For one, the same laundry products for example will be competing with each other for limited and precious supermarket shelf positioning and space. The fact that PG introduces several brands in one category might be economies of scale but could also crowd out the market. It could perhaps concentrate its resources on a handful of main brands and focus their targeting on specific customer segments instead of spreading itself too thin ly.Because of the multitude of PGs categories, we will just examine in detail its laundry brands in US. In order to breakdown laundry segments, PG first has to look at the job to be done segmentation. It did research and probably thought that apart from using detergents to get clean clothes, people also want other things from detergent. For example, mothers might want cheap detergent because with a family of three kids, there would be many turbid clothes and washing cycles to do in a week. Thus, they would want detergent that is economical and powerful to get rid of dirt stains. On the same demographics of mothers, you get mothers with babies, and they would want detergents with less (zero) chemicals catered to the sensitive skin of babies. On the other spectrum, you might have some working professionals or yuppies who have a higher willingness to pay and value detergents that had a nice fresh smell and are sustainable for the environment. Thus, it is no surprise that PG has launch ed 8 brands in the US to cater to all the individual niches of customers.A quick check on www.walmart.com (Appedix A) and entering in the word Tide prompts 65 hits on the detergent in the household essentials segment. The fact is that Tide comes in three forms liquid, powder, pod forms. It also comes in many shapes, scents and sizes. This results in a minimum of 65 SKUS for just one laundry brand.By segmenting the market for laundry across multiple detergent brands, PG seems to have covered all bases for consumer laundry needs and wants. As a result, PG is the unrivalled leader in the USD7billion US laundry detergent market. Tide alone is the market leader with a respectable 38% market share. When we combine all eight of PG laundry brands, it comes up to a 60% share of the market-2.5 times that of nearest rival Unilever and much more than any single brand could obtain by itself. However, does this mean that market share is due to the fact that PG has that many brands and is successf ul in its segmentation activities or is it because of the overall value proposition PGs detergents provide to its consumers. Could PG attain its market share of 60% by optimizing the number of SKUs by half?PG recognizes that they cannot appeal to all buyers in the marketplace or at least not to all buyers in the same way. Buyers are too numerous, too widely scattered, and too varied in their needs and buying practices. Moreover, PG itself varies widely in its abilities to serve different segments of the market. kinda than trying to compete in an entire market, sometimes against superior competitors, PG has identified the parts of the market that it can serve best and most profitably.Thus, PG is being more selective about the consumers that they wish to capture and retain. It has been a clear leader in moving from mass marketing, toward market segmentation and targeting-successfully identifying market segments after wet market research and studies, selecting one or more of them, an d developing products and marketing programs individually tailored to the specific niche. PG clearly believes the rifle approach is more effective rather than the shotgun approach. It has achieved previous success based on this approach, but would this strategy continue to work for the fickle and fussy FMCG market? It should however be noted that Apple -one of the best marketers of technology thinks differently, with the iphone is still managed as a mass marketing concept.Issue 5 PGs reputation as being the best in marketing is indisputable. They are known to be at least 5 years ahead of competitors in terms of how they go to market. They continuously train and invest in their employees at the beginning of their careers and like to promote from within. They spend enormous amounts of money training their people to become world class marketers and many of their people leave PG to lead other companies as their Chief Marketing Officer.PG clearly puts the consumer first. As such, their marketing strategy is based on deep consumer insights. This might mean their advertising probably wont be the most creative, but they will capture revenue and market share. This however, might prove to be a stumbling block with the changing demographics in the developing world.PGs marketing orientation makes business sense strategically. With a market orientation and micro marketing approach, PG can adapt to the 4Ps. In terms of Price, PGs premium pricing has shown that it can be moved with lower prices for the more cost sensitive developing countries. In terms of product categories, it competes in 35 product categories in US but only present in an average of 19 product categories globally. Therefore, PG is focusing on the launching more product categories in more countries, targeting expansion of the global average to presence in 24 product categories by 2014-15. With regards to place, PG currently distributes broadly through four channels 1) supermarkets mass volume retail, 2) mo m pop stores which are still prevalent in the third world countries especially when shops are inaccessible, 3) wholesale and 4) modern retail stores. As part of new channel strategy, PG also is focusing on expansion in the international pharmacy and e-commerce channels. This shall contribute to PG products being available at more outlets. (PGs market share strategy set to pay off- Seeking Alpha)The PG brand plays a huge role in its marketing strategy as its one of the most recognized brands in the world. The PG brand is synonymous with premium pricing and quality. With the shift in the demographics, PG would need to shift to developing countries and the younger age segmentation. In terms of developing countries, it would be right on the ball to focus on India and China. At this moment, PG is definitely behind the foreshorten for India as Hindustan Unilever is the clear leader in the CPG industry, however, PG does better in terms of brand penetration in China. The positioning in Ch ina is also very different as compared to India

Collaborative Work in Social Care

Collaborative Work in Social CareIntroductionThe following essay proposes to make do the question of collaborative operative in societal portion out, looking in fall aparticular at the impact of collaborative take a leaking between agencies and professional disciplines within the context of children and families. This represents an especially interlacing conundrum to attempt to tackle with the issues of both collaborative work and working with children families subject to an al virtually constant process of reform and change in the modern- daytime era. When, for event, we pause to count on the way in which collaborative work has become such a central feature of contemporary affectionate policy in western liberal democracies with the promulgation of the partnership burn up shot to g all overnment dictating the manikin of a variety of mixer, cultural, economical and political initiatives, we can see that any countersign relating to multi-agency work must reside in s ome part within the realms of a constantly changing political ideology that seeks in the primary instance to instil new parameters for well-disposed work practice (Quinney, 20065-21). Likewise, when we consider the changing nature of working with children and families in the contemporary era, we can see that a by all odds pervasive legislative and policy framework increasingly that seeks to infringe upon the practice of social work on both an individual and a collaborative direct cannot help but impact upon our cause of the nature and role of the social thespian within the context of children and families (OLoughlin and Bywater, 200814-27). Thus, we need to observe from the outset the way in which the following essay constitutes an inherently subjective discussion where any conclusions garnered should be understood as open to besides change and reinterpretation.For the purpose of perspective, we intend to travel along a dualistic memory access to the difficulty at hand, lo oking firstly at the political, ideological and healthy context in which social work with children and families before long takes place. In this way, we will be better able to demonstrate an effective understanding of the knowledge base of child and family work, the social work role and the multidiscipline system in relation to children in need and children in need of protection. Secondly, we will look at the implications of our own evidence-based research yielded from radical dynamics involving a specific reference study of children and families. In this way, we will be better able to demonstrate an understanding of the importance of evidence-based practice. Moreover, in this way, we will be better able to consider both the strengths and the weaknesses of the collaborative approach to social service provision at the dawn of the twenty first century. Before we can begin, though, we need to briefly consider the historical context in order to establish a conceptual framework in w hich the remainder of the discussion can take place.The political, ideological and legal context of working with children and familiesTo understand the significance of the multi-agency, collaborative approaches to child protection we need to first mention some of the most profound eccentrics of child cruelty, which convey acted as a launch pad for reforms of social services. When, for instance, we pause to consider the eccentric person of Dennis ONeil who was starved and subsequently beaten to death by his foster begetter in 1945, we can see that instances of extreme abuse of looked afterwards children directly contributed to reform of the child social services system. Maria Col strong was similarly abused and killed at the hands of her stepfather in spite of over fifty official visits to the family by social services, health visitors, police officers and housing officers before her death in 1973. As a result of the ensuing enquiry into Maria Col salubriouss death, looked after children were assigned a guardian by the state. (Cocker and Allain, 200824) Likewise, public outrage, internal inquiries and institutional reform tended to(p) the murders of Jasmine Beckford in 1984 and the uncovering of widespread sexual abuse amongst looked after children in Cleveland in 1987. In addition, the untimelyful fostering of children on the Orkney Islands in 1991 after social workers mistakenly slangd that parents were part of a satanic cult triggered a reconfiguration of child protection policy, acting as a timely reminder as to the fallibility of decision making at an individual as well as an organisational level.Yet while it is true that childrens services have been influenced by individual historical cases of fail, abuse and murder, it is also true that social work and childrens services are inherently tied to the dominant political ideology of the day. As we have already asserted, social work practice in the contemporary era is an inherently political issue wit h a pervasive neoliberal political ideology dictating the example of social policy and welfare reform over the course of the past two decades. Nowhere is this modernising neoliberal impetus more prominent than in the field of social work with children and families (Johns, 200939-54). Beginning with the Childrens Act of 1989 and continuing with the amended Childrens Act of 2004, the state has increasingly sought to make provisions for disadvantaged children and failing families in order to reduce the debilitating ill effects of marginalisation and social exclusion.These two Acts, in conjunction with a variety of early(a) think social policies and statutory framework such as the Every Child Matters programme, constitute an ideological watershed with regards to the way in which the state legislatively copes with the numerous issues arising from children and families. some obviously, these pieces of legislation and the broader emphasis upon social inclusion that they entail telegrap h a new way of responding to issues arising from children and families by looking to target the causes (rather than the consequences) of neglect, exclusion, abuse and the ubiquitous problem of failing families. As a result, it is Copernican to observe the way in which the reforms initiated over the closing decades of the twentieth century and the opening decade of the twenty first century represent a move away from the permissive social policies of the post-war years so as to incorporate a discernibly more preventative docket for working with children and families (Morris, Barnes and Mason, 200943-67).It is within this climate of preventative action that we must consider the genesis and subsequent evolution of collaborative social work practice with multi-agency work being intrinsically tied to the broader imperative of safeguarding children. The statutory framework of the Every Child Matters initiative, underpinned by the Childrens Act (2004) is, for instance, inherently tied to the partnership, collaborative approach to social service provision involving the active participation of professionals across all spectrums who work with children and young adults (Brammer, 2009166). Understood in this way, the role of the social worker represents one part of a broader network of rights and responsibilities incorporating General Practitioners, psychologists, educational practitioners, housing association officers, National Health Service professionals, law enforcement agencies, government officials, local councillors, parents, family members and any number of related workers and associates who are able to help formulate an effective social agenda which places the child at the epicentre of all key decision-making. In this way, the social worker is better able to communicate with children who have suffered or are suffering from cases of neglect and abuse (Davies and Duckett, 2008164-166).As a consequence, it is stool that partnership and collaboration should be unde rstood as the ideological bedrock of the contemporary legal and political framework for dealing with children, families and young adults, constituting the single most important guiding convention for social workers operating in the highly complex, risk-orientated contemporary social sphere. Fuelled in some part by the high profile cases of internal failings contributing to childrens neglect where, most notably, the untimely death of Victoria Climbie in 2000 highlighted gross failures of the system (Laming, 200311-13), collaborative working between agencies and professional disciplines is today understood as the most viable means of positively impacting upon the well being of both children and families (Brammer, 2009182.)In response to the murder of Victoria Climbie and, more pertinently, as a result of the economic imperative to cut back on public sector spending, the New Labour government, followed by the present coalition government, has increasingly sought to further the multi-a gency approach to social services. The Childrens Plan (2007), for example, constitutes an ideological extension of the collaborative methodology championed in the Every Child Matters campaign with the government, agencies and professionals all charged with change childrens lives. (The Department for Children, Schools and Families, 201029) Safeguarding the well being of children is in that respectfore no longer considered to be the sole responsibility of the state rather, it is clear that promoting the welfare of children and families is increasingly qualified upon adopting an integrated approach with a variety of agencies, organisations and individuals sharing the responsibility for welfare while at the same time ensuring that the child remains the focus of proactive, preventative action (The Department for Children, Schools and Families, 201031-34). It is because important to underline the strengths of the multi-agency approach to social care provision, underscoring in particul ar the way in which focusing upon collaborative working with children and families offers a holistic approach to what is an essentially multi-faceted problem.However, while we are correct to acknowledge the modernising ideology that underpins modern social work practice, we also need to observe the way in which the day to day practice of social work with children and families has revealed a significant underlying chasm between, on the one hand, the preventative legal framework and, on the other hand, the implanted flaws in the multi-agency, inter-disciplinary approach to welfare provision in the modern day (Oko, 200816-39). In spite of the best efforts of policy makers and in spite of the preventative statutory framework enshrined in the Every Child Matters initiative, there remain deep-rooted structural and logistical problems pertaining to the multi-agency approach. For example, the horrific death of Baby P in 2007 which occurred after social services, National Health Service con sultants, and police officers demonstrates that there remains a clear and identifiable problem with regards to conference between agencies, organisations and professions.Moreover, the harrowing case of Baby P serves to demonstrate that, even when extreme levels of abuse are being reported, there remains a problem regarding intervention. The multi-agency approach to social care provision in the contemporary should therefore be understood as being inherently flawed with the collaborative system beset by a variety of structural weaknesses and new ideological complexities (Milner and OByrne, 200919-23). Although we should not seek to overlook the strengths of multi-agency, collaborative working we must, as Eileen Munro attests, consider the way in which an exceedingly risk-orientated socio-political culture has created additional problems for social workers in the modern era with an increasingly bureaucratic, administrative understanding of social services hampering the attainment of a critical understanding of the underlying economic, cultural and political factors that create problems in the social sphere (Munro, 200858-76). An over-emphasis upon research and policy has not yet yielded a significant reduction in the chasm between theory and practice.Working in a Group The Lessons for Working with Children and FamiliesHitherto, we have focused upon attempting to understand how the dominant political, ideological and legal framework looks to ordain the pattern of social services at the dawn of the twenty first century. We have also seen that while policies and frameworks seek to instil a fresh, collaborative approach to working with children and young families the practical reality of working in a multi-agency context still leads to significant problems pertaining to communication. This, in the last analysis, is an inevitable consequence of working with the dynamics of assemblys where there is little by way of accusation and where, more importantly, differen t root members harbour different perspectives and different ambitions with regards to the nature, role and purpose of the stand out at hand.In the group that I worked in, there were six participants. Two were two lily-white women one a young woman in her aboriginal twenties the other a woman in her thirties who is the mother of two young children. There were also two black women in the group both of these women were in their thirties and both had children. In addition, there were two black men present in the group. As soon as the group began to convene, it was immediately apparent that there was a significant problem with regards to when the group could meet. Family commitments, coupled with work placements, conspired to make agreeing on a time to meet passing difficult. Furthermore, when work was assigned to particular individuals it was not completed on time. A lack of structure was therefore prevalent from the start.As time went by and the problems with communication within the group continued to grow, it became apparent that the two white women took it upon themselves to act as the leaders of the group, delegating work as if they had been assigned the role of the managers. The young woman in her early twenties was observed to be especially aggressive and domineering. When confronted she failed to act in a professional manner, which placed further striving upon the dynamics of the group. Furthermore, as the two white women exerted increasing levels of managerial control, it became apparent that they were withholding important information from the rest of the group. This was either because they did not trust the other members of the group to work to their standards or because they wished to take sole responsibility for the project upon completion. Regardless of their true intentions, the lack of co-ordination and communication resulted in a disappointing final presentation that had been undermined on account of a wholesale lack of rehearsal.The lack of cohesive, coordinated action within the group revealed a great deal most the inherent problems of inter-agency work with children and families. Most obviously, there was a clear and identifiable problem relating to a lack of leadership and direction in the group. Although there were that six members, each participant appeared to have their own specific agenda, which meant that the overall goal became lost in the resulting confusion of responsibilities. This, according to Michael Gasper, is a key problem in multi-agency working with children and young people where a convergence of interests creates fertile grounds for problems relating to management and leadership (Gasper, 200992-110). In such circumstances, it is often the agency or partner that adopts the most rigorously aggressive attitude which ends up assuming a leadership-type role largely against the best interests of the project in hand. This was certainly the case in the group we observed where the two white women ass umed leadership roles although no such premise had been discussed and in spite of the fact that no such policy had been agreed.In this instance, of course, it is impossible to ignore the spectre of underlying race issues that may have consciously or subconsciously influenced the behaviour of the two white women within the group. Race issues are intrinsically tied to power issues thus, the white women might have felt the need to assume control of a group dominated by black people. Again, the issue of power and the impact that this has upon inter-personal relationships within a multi-agency setting is an important factor for us to consider. As Damien Fitzgerald and Janet Kay underscore, power is an inexorably important factor that needs to be legislated for when teams come together in an interdisciplinary, multi-professional context. This is especially true during the early consultative dos of group work the storming stand for where there may be fighting, power struggles, disputes and destructive criticism, which need to be managed effectively so as to minimise the impact upon the setting or the service. (Fitzgerald and Kay, 200792)The relationships that emerge from the storming stage are subsequently normalised during the ensuing norming stage where the team starts to adopt its own identity. If, however, the relationships between the various agencies have not settled down into an egalitarian pattern by the norming stage of development, the power struggles and internal disputes will inevitably affect the performing stage of task management. Most notably, the creative process will be stifled and the focus that should be dedicated towards the completion of the task will be diverted towards the power struggles within the group (Cheminais, 200938-40). This was certainly the case in the group I worked in where problems in the storming stage were translated into more serious structural problems in the norming stage, both of which ultimately affected the final perf orming stage of the task. Thus, once more, we need to acknowledge the significant divide between theory and practice in collaborative working with children and families where, as Jayat suggests, policies can be well intentioned, yet are often poorly co-ordinated and, in practice, under-resourced. (Jayat, 200992)Furthermore, while acknowledging the problems that multi-agency, collaborative work entails, we also need to consider the way in which the infusion of children into the scenario creates further avenues for a lack of cohesive, co-ordinated action. If, as the evidence suggests, information sharing is negatively influenced by multi-agency, collaborative working with adults, then it stands to reason that there is bound to be much greater scope for withholding information when children and families are integrated into the procedure. If relationships at an agency level are strained then it stands to reason that, as Butler and Roberts attest, that social workers will find it even ha rder to maintain open and honest relationships with children and their parents in a social work context (Butler and Roberts, 2004129-130). More importantly, it is clear that there is little time for power struggles and disputes when a childs welfare is at stake. In the final analysis, this kind of internal wrangling runs contrary to the central tenet of the Every Child Matters and the Working to Safeguard Children campaigns, which look to make sure that the child remains the centre of task-centred, multi-agency focus (Department for Children, Schools and Families, 201032).We should, of course, be careful not to assume that all group dynamics follow the pattern of the group we observed. While evidence suggests that there remains a significant scope for problems of power, communication, authority and direction within multi-agency settings it is also true that, if handled in the appropriate manner, collaborative practice allows differences in values to surface and, if effectively minde d, to be aired and resolved over time (Glenny and Roaf, 2008111) In such circumstances, multi-agency work with children and families can serve to positively influence the health and well being of service users. As a consequence, it is important not to assume that the structural weaknesses of collaboration mean that there are no strengths to the multi-agency process.ConclusionUnderstanding the strengths and the weaknesses of collaborative working between agencies and professional disciplines is dependent upon first understanding the distance to be travelled between the theory of prevention and the practice of collaboration at a grass roots level. flavor to reduce the divide between theory and practice, between the political and ideological framework and the multi-agency, collaborative approach, consequently represents the most critical challenge facing social workers and social policy makers alike. This is especially true as far as childrens services are concerned.Ultimately, though , when looking to pass a judgement on the coitus strengths and weakness of multi-agency working with children and families we need to recall that agencies involve individuals responding to crises in the social sphere. As Beckett attests, every individual participant in the child protection process, and every profession or agency, necessarily sees things from his, her or its own particular standpoint and has his, her or its own particular axes to grind. It is important to bear in mind that no one participant possesses the pure and unadulterated truth. (Beckett, 200929) Social work is an inherently complex and subjective discipline where there is no right or wrong answer to the multitude of questions arising from the breakdown of interpersonal relationships. Collaborative work should consequently be understood as being inherently fallible. Only by concentrating upon improving the internal group dynamics of multi-agency functioning can the chasm between theory and practice begin to be reduced.

Contracts :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

ContractsLump Sum ContractA defined lump magnetic core plan expresses employees pension benefits as a lump sum amount, which makes it easy for them to understand and appreciate the benefits. In many cases, the plans also allow employees to accrue big benefits at younger ages than they would under a traditional pension plan. And, increasingly, defined lump sum plans provide port equal benefits that employees can take with them if they leave the company before retirement age.Cost plus percentage contractCost-plus construction contracts are often used for projects in which an owner or developer wishes to cover flexibility in selecting construction materials or modifying the design during construction. Unless specifically described in the contract, the contractor and the owner/developer may have a different intelligence of what types of costs are reimbursable to the contractor. The cost-plus contract should include a section defining all of the types of costs that are reimbursable by the owner/developer, and most tired form contracts include such provisions.Cost plus fixed fee contractA cost-plus-fixed-fee contract is a cost-reimbursement contract that provides for payment to the contractor of a negotiated fee that is fixed at the inception of the contract. The fixed fee does not vary with actual cost, but may be adjusted as a result of changes in the work to be performed under the contract. This contract type permits contracting for efforts that might otherwise present too great a try to contractors, but it provides the contractor only a minimum incentive to control costs.Design and build contract, also known as package deal and turnkey contracts jailor drilling services offer a viable method for operators to better man age drilling risks and reduce costs. In the future, they may be able to utilize drilling management contractor services for complete field development programs. The offshore turnkey drilling exertion remained a high-margin, low-volume bus iness until intimately 1993 when turnkey drillers began to realize bidding prices were not competitive with most operators internal cost estimates. Increasing market share could only be achieved by reduction margins to match the real competition, which is the operators AFE (authority for expenditure). Since then, the number of offshore turnkey wells has increased almost every year.However, the future of the offshore drilling management services industry involves moving beyond merely providing a well or a completion for a fixed price.